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Biology - Systems > Digestive > Flashcards

Digestive Flashcards

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0
Q

To get the molecules that they need, animals have to do what

A

Ingest other organisms and digest them

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1
Q

Unlike plants, animals can’t do what

A

Synthesize the majority of their own organic building blocks such as fatty acids, sugars, and most amino acids.

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2
Q

What do animals get their energy from

A

Sugars, fats, and proteins - used to construct more complex molecules like enzymes

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3
Q

How has the digestive system evolved

A

To process the food the animals ingest by breaking it down into simple building blocks that can be used by cells

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4
Q

What are the two main processes that digestion consists of

A

Chemical and mechanical digestion

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5
Q

What is mechanical digestion

A

The physical breaking down of food into smaller particles without changing the food’s chemical nature (chewing for example)

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6
Q

What is chemical digestion

A

It breaks the chemical bonds in food and hydrolyzes larger molecules into simpler components using special digestive enzymes

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7
Q

How does the digestion process occur in the simplest of animals and animal-like protists

A

The digestive process takes place within each individual cell

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8
Q

How does an amoeba get its food

A

Phagocytosis

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9
Q

How does a lysosome digest its food

A

Fuses with food vacuole and chemically digests its contents

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10
Q

How do paramecia digest their food

A

Ciliated oral groove that facilitates the creation of the food vacuole

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11
Q

How do cnidarians digest their food

A

Extracellularly by releasing enzymes into their water filled gastrovascular cavity (but part is introcellularly

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12
Q

How do flatworms and planarians take food in

A

Through their mouth into their gastrovascular cavity. Then the food is digested intracellularly by the cells that line the cavity and is absorbed into the tissues. Waste products are expelled back out of the mouth which lives a double life as it is also an anus

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13
Q

What type of digestive tract do higher animals have and what are examples of these animals?

A

They have a complete digestive tract with a mouth separate from the anus. Food is moved in one direction through a tubular system that has many specialized parts that perform different functions. Examples of the animals that have this are annelids, arthropods, and vertebrates

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14
Q

In an earthworm, how does food travel

A

Food travels through the mouth, down a tube (the esophagus), into the crop, the gizzard, intestine (enzymes break it down into simpler molecules that are absorbed + water is pulled from food), anus

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15
Q

What is the crop

A

A chamber that acts as storage

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16
Q

What is the gizzard

A

Thick, muscular walls mechanically grind food there

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17
Q

How is the human digestive system similar to the earthworm’s

A

Its basic design is similar

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18
Q

How is the human digestive system different from the earthworm’s

A

More complex and efficient

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19
Q

What is the human digestive system composed of

A

The alimentary canal and glands

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20
Q

What is the alimentary canal

A

The actual tube through which the food travels

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21
Q

How do glands aid digestion

A

They release enzymes and other secretions into the alimentary canal

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22
Q

Where does the alimentary canal begin

A

With the mouth

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23
Q

What happens in the mouth

A

Teeth and the tongue pulverize food through mechanical digestion. The tongue tastes the food to see if it is fit to be ingested

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24
Q

What do salivary glands do in the mouth

A

They release saliva into the cavity through ducts that open under the tongue and on the roof of the mouth.

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25
Q

What is food called after going through the mouth

A

A bolus

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26
Q

What is saliva made of

A

Water mostly but also mucus and the enzyme salivary amylase.

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27
Q

What do the components of saliva do

A

The water and mucus help to dissolve and lubricate the food for swallowing. Salivary amylase starts chemical digestion of starches by breaking down complex polysaccharides into the disaccharide maltose.

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28
Q

What happens when the food is sufficiently chewed

A

It is swallowed and moves through the pharynx (throat) to the esophagus

29
Q

What is the esophagus

A

A long tube that connects the mouth and stomach

30
Q

What is peristalsis

A

A process that occurs in the esophagus. It is waves of muscular contraction that propel the food in the esophagus downward.

31
Q

What is the cardiac spincter and where is it located

A

It is a tight ring of muscle that is between the stomach and esophagus

32
Q

What does the cardiac sphincter do

A

It acts as a valve to prevent stomach contents from moving upward into the esophagus. It is usually closed but opens during peristalsis so the food can go into the stomach

33
Q

Describe the stomach

A

It has thick, muscular walls that contract to churn and mix the food, continuing with the mechanical digestion. It temporarily stores food as well as plays roles in mechanical and chemical digestion.

34
Q

What do the walls of the stomach secrete and what does this do

A

They secrete hydrochloric acid, which gives the stomach a pH of 2 and allows it to kill microorganisms that were digested w food, and pepsin, which was produced as pepsinogen but was activated by the acid and became pepsin, a more active form. The pepsin begins the digestion of protein by cutting chains of amino acids up

35
Q

What protects the walls of the stomach and what would happen if it weren’t there

A

A layer of mucus; an ulcer can develop without it

36
Q

What is the small intestine the major site of

A

Food breakdown, chemical digestion, and cellular absorption of food

37
Q

What is the partially digested food called once the stomach empties

A

Chyme

38
Q

What is the duodenum

A

The upper portion of the small intestine

39
Q

What happens to the food once the stomach empties

A

It passes through the pyloric sphincter into the duodenum, where it encounters bile, which breaks down fats but doesn’t change the chemical nature of the chyme. Bile exposes more fat to the enzymes that eventually digest it by increasing the surface area of fat droplets

40
Q

What is bile

A

A complex solution of salts, pigments, and cholesterol

41
Q

Where is bile produced

A

Liver

42
Q

Where is bile stored

A

A small sac known as the gallbladder

43
Q

What is the pancreas and where is it located

A

A large gland; behind the stomach

44
Q

What does the pancreas do

A

Produces a basic secretion that neutralizes stomach acid as well as produces digestive enzymes.

45
Q

What is lipase

A

One of the enzymes produced by the pancreas. It digests fats into glycerol and fatty acids

46
Q

What are trypsin and chymotrypsin

A

Digestive enzymes produced in the pancreas that continue the breakdown of amino acid chains into shorter ones.

47
Q

What form are both trypsin and chymotrypsin produced in in the pancreas

A

Inactive: they are activated at the small intestine, making sure that the pancreas doesn’t digest itself

48
Q

What is pancreatic amylase

A

An enzyme secreted by the pancreas that breaks polysaccharides into disaccharides like salivary amylase but on a larger scale

49
Q

What do the walls of the small intestine do

A

Secrete the remaining enzymes necessary for digestion

50
Q

What do maltase, lactase, and sucrase do?

A

They are enzymes secreted by the walls of the small intestine, and they break the disaccharides maltose, lactose, and sucrose into monosaccharides.

51
Q

What do aminopeptidases do

A

Cleave off individual amino acids from the short chains that are left after the action of trypsin and chymotrypsin from the pancreas - digestion is completed

52
Q

What happens as the digested food travels through the long, convoluted small intestine?

A

It is absorbed through its walls into the bloodstream

53
Q

What do the walls of the small intestine contain

A

Millions of tiny, finger like projections known as villi

54
Q

What do villi do

A

Increase the surface area of the intestinal wall, which maximizes the absorption of nutrients

55
Q

What do the villi contain

A

Capillaries into which the digested amino acids and monosaccharides pass

56
Q

Where are fats processed

A

Cells of the intestinal lining and then they enter the lymphatic system before reaching the bloodstream

57
Q

Where does the blood leaving the intestines go

A

Directly to the liver -> enters capillaries of the hepatic portal system for processing

58
Q

What is the undigested food that is not absorbed in the small intestine

A

Waste

59
Q

Where does waste go and what happens there

A

It passes into the large intestine/colon where its water content is reabsorbed into the body

60
Q

What is E Coli

A

A mutually symbiotic bacteria that lives in the large intestine

61
Q

What does E Coli do

A

Feeds on waste and produces vitamin K, which is absorbed by the intestine into the body

62
Q

What is the final segment of the large intestine

A

Rectum

63
Q

What is the rectum

A

A sac that stores feces temporarily before they are eliminated through the anus

64
Q

What is the anus

A

Another sphincter muscle

65
Q

What does the body absorb during digestion (besides the nutrients that form the building blocks of proteins, fats, and carbs)

A

Important minerals and vitamins

66
Q

What are minerals

A

Inorganic molecules that are required by the body

67
Q

What are some important minerals

A 
Iron - needed for hemoglobin
Iodine - needed to make thyroid hormone
Calcium - bones + cellular processes
Sodium, chlorine, potassium - body fluids
Phosphorus - nucleic acids
68
Q

What are vitamins

A

More complex molecules that usually serve as coenzymes, assisting in physiological processes

69
Q

What are some important vitamins?

A

A - retinal for vision
B complex - cell respiration + DNA replication
C - collagen
D - allows for absorption of calcium - teeth + bones
E - prevents rupture of red blood cells + healthy liver + nerve function
K - blood clotting
A D E K - fat soluble
B complex C - water soluble

Biology - Systems (6 decks)

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