Digestion, Metabolism, Nutrition

Question 1

Organic Molecules

Answer 1

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins

Question 2

Carbohydrates

Answer 2

Bonded sugars
Primary Source of making energy

Question 3

What happens if there is excess sugar?

Answer 3

Stored in liver and muscle cells as glycogen
Converted into adipose (fat) tissue as triglycerides

Question 4

Lipids- Triglycerides

Answer 4

Glycerol + 3 fatty acid chains
Excess stored in adipose tissue

Question 5

What are triglycerides used for?

Answer 5

Used for long term energy storage

Question 6

What happens during metabolism?

Answer 6

Catabolism: breakdown of large organic molecules into smaller ones
Anabolism: creation of larger or new substances

Question 7

Digestive System Functions

Answer 7

Ingestion: Taking in food/ liquids into mouth
Propulsion: Moving substances
Digestion: Breaking down substances
Absorption: Nutrients move into blood
Defecation: Removal of indigestible substances

Question 8

Hard Palate

Answer 8

Maxillae and palatine bones

Question 9

Where does the tongue force food against during chewing and swallowing?

Answer 9

The Hard Palate

Question 10

Uvulva

Answer 10

The free edge of the soft palate

Question 11

What are the mastication muscles?

Answer 11

Temporalis
Masseter
Lateral and Medial Pterygoids

Question 12

What nerve innervates the mastication muscles?

Answer 12

Mandibular nerve
(Cranial Nerve V3)

Question 13

What do the mastication muscles do?

Answer 13

Move the jaw

Question 14

Accessory muscles that position food

Answer 14

Buccinator (VII)
Digastric (V3 & VII)
Geniohyoid &Tongue (XII)

Question 15

Teeth types

Answer 15

Incisors
Cuspids (canines)
Bicuspids (premolars)
Molars

Question 16

Incisors (4)

Answer 16

Rip and nip

Question 17

Cuspids (canines) (2)

Answer 17

Slash, tear, and shear

Question 18

Bicuspeds (premolars) (2)

Answer 18

Larger and complexely surfaced for chewing and grinding

Question 19

Molars (3)

Answer 19

Large grinding surfaces

Question 20

The 3 phases before food enters the stomach

Answer 20

Buccal Phase
Pharyngeal phase
esophageal phase

Question 21

Buccal Phase

Answer 21

Salivary glands lubricate food
Chemical Digestion of carbohydrates
Tonge & tongue muscles (CNXII) press food against hard palate and towards pharynx
Soft palate elevates (CNX) to seal off nasal cavity
Bolus gets moved to the oropharynx

Question 22

Pharyngeal phase

Answer 22

Nasopharynx is closed
Food continues to go into oropharynx
Hyoid and larynx muscles contract and epiglottis covers larynx
Superior pharyngeal constrictors contract (CNX) to pull food into pharynx
Middle and inferior pharyngeal constrictors contract (CNX) which moves food into esophagus

Question 23

Esophageal phase

Answer 23

Peristalis occurs to push substances along the tube
Cardiac sphincter opens and bolus enters the stomach

Question 24

Stomach during digestion

Answer 24

Bolus enters and becomes chyme
Starts chemical digestion of proteins

Question 25

Where is the remainder of water of the water absorbed at?

Answer 25

Ascending colon and transverse colon

Question 26

Where is water balance achieved at?

Answer 26

Large intestine

Question 27

Micelle

Answer 27

Large fats combined with bile

Question 28

Where do pancreatic enzymes enter the duodenum?

Answer 28

The Major duodenal papilla

Question 29

Pancreatic Lipase

Answer 29

Cuts lipids

Question 30

Pancreatic amylase

Answer 30

Cuts carbohydrates

Question 31

Trypsin and chymotrypsin

Answer 31

Cuts proteins into amino acids
Made by pancreas

Question 32

The salivary glands

Answer 32

Parotid Gland
Submandibular Gland
Sublingual gland

Question 33

Parotid Gland

Answer 33

Anterior to ears and superior to masseter muscle

Question 34

Submandibular Gland

Answer 34

Inferior to madible

Question 35

Sublingual gland

Answer 35

Under tongue, anterior to submandibular gland