Digestion, Metabolism, Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Organic Molecules

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins

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2
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Bonded sugars
Primary Source of making energy

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3
Q

What happens if there is excess sugar?

A

Stored in liver and muscle cells as glycogen
Converted into adipose (fat) tissue as triglycerides

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4
Q

Lipids- Triglycerides

A

Glycerol + 3 fatty acid chains
Excess stored in adipose tissue

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5
Q

What are triglycerides used for?

A

Used for long term energy storage

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6
Q

What happens during metabolism?

A

Catabolism: breakdown of large organic molecules into smaller ones
Anabolism: creation of larger or new substances

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7
Q

Digestive System Functions

A

Ingestion: Taking in food/ liquids into mouth
Propulsion: Moving substances
Digestion: Breaking down substances
Absorption: Nutrients move into blood
Defecation: Removal of indigestible substances

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8
Q

Hard Palate

A

Maxillae and palatine bones

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9
Q

Where does the tongue force food against during chewing and swallowing?

A

The Hard Palate

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10
Q

Uvulva

A

The free edge of the soft palate

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11
Q

What are the mastication muscles?

A

Temporalis
Masseter
Lateral and Medial Pterygoids

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12
Q

What nerve innervates the mastication muscles?

A

Mandibular nerve
(Cranial Nerve V3)

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13
Q

What do the mastication muscles do?

A

Move the jaw

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14
Q

Accessory muscles that position food

A

Buccinator (VII)
Digastric (V3 & VII)
Geniohyoid &Tongue (XII)

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15
Q

Teeth types

A

Incisors
Cuspids (canines)
Bicuspids (premolars)
Molars

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16
Q

Incisors (4)

A

Rip and nip

17
Q

Cuspids (canines) (2)

A

Slash, tear, and shear

18
Q

Bicuspeds (premolars) (2)

A

Larger and complexely surfaced for chewing and grinding

19
Q

Molars (3)

A

Large grinding surfaces

20
Q

The 3 phases before food enters the stomach

A

Buccal Phase
Pharyngeal phase
esophageal phase

21
Q

Buccal Phase

A

Salivary glands lubricate food
Chemical Digestion of carbohydrates
Tonge & tongue muscles (CNXII) press food against hard palate and towards pharynx
Soft palate elevates (CNX) to seal off nasal cavity
Bolus gets moved to the oropharynx

22
Q

Pharyngeal phase

A

Nasopharynx is closed
Food continues to go into oropharynx
Hyoid and larynx muscles contract and epiglottis covers larynx
Superior pharyngeal constrictors contract (CNX) to pull food into pharynx
Middle and inferior pharyngeal constrictors contract (CNX) which moves food into esophagus

23
Q

Esophageal phase

A

Peristalis occurs to push substances along the tube
Cardiac sphincter opens and bolus enters the stomach

24
Q

Stomach during digestion

A

Bolus enters and becomes chyme
Starts chemical digestion of proteins

25
Q

Where is the remainder of water of the water absorbed at?

A

Ascending colon and transverse colon

26
Q

Where is water balance achieved at?

A

Large intestine

27
Q

Micelle

A

Large fats combined with bile

28
Q

Where do pancreatic enzymes enter the duodenum?

A

The Major duodenal papilla

29
Q

Pancreatic Lipase

A

Cuts lipids

30
Q

Pancreatic amylase

A

Cuts carbohydrates

31
Q

Trypsin and chymotrypsin

A

Cuts proteins into amino acids
Made by pancreas

32
Q

The salivary glands

A

Parotid Gland
Submandibular Gland
Sublingual gland

33
Q

Parotid Gland

A

Anterior to ears and superior to masseter muscle

34
Q

Submandibular Gland

A

Inferior to madible

35
Q

Sublingual gland

A

Under tongue, anterior to submandibular gland