Digestion Intestine To Elimination

Question 1

Small intestine

Answer 1

Small because it’s narrow consists of three parts where majority of absorption happens and pushes indigestible material to large intestine

Question 2

Duodenum

Answer 2

Site of chemical digestion and releases hormones where auxiliary organ come into play including pancreas liver and gall bladder

Question 3

Jejenum

Answer 3

Specialized for absorption

Question 4

Ileum

Answer 4

Does the last parts of absorbing

Question 5

Pyloric spincter

Answer 5

Chyme is pushed through the pycloic sphincter of the stomach into the duodenum once in the duodenum chyme moves via segmentation(chyme sloshes back and forth between segments of small intestine)

Question 6

The hormones secreted when the chyme enters the duodenum

Answer 6

Chyme is very acidic so the duodenum secretes 3 hormones secretin, gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) and cholecsyokinin (CCK)

Question 7

Secretin

Answer 7

Response to high acid levels the cells of the small intestine secrete a hormone into the bloodstream called secretin which goes to the pancreas causing it to secrete bicarbonate HCO which is a base so it neutralizes the acid from the stomach (pH of 2 to 8)

Question 8

GIP

Answer 8

The amount of Chyme needs to be controlled because if not large macromolecules may not be broken down a hormone called gastric inhibitory peptide is secreted by the duodenum cells this hormone then travels to bloodstream to the stomach where is slows peristalsis and turns off the secretion of gastric juices

Question 9

CCK

Answer 9

Choleccystokinin a hormone that stimulates the digestion of fats and proteins CCK is produced by duoedenum cells and sent to the pancreas to stimulate the production of pancreatic juices. These juices have enzymes that will assist the in digestion of various macromolecules

CCK can affect gall bladder and liver

Question 10

Pancreas secretions

Answer 10

In addition to bicarbonate the pancreas secrets many enzymes into the duodenum that ate important in the chemical digestion of macromolecules

Question 11

Protein digestion

Answer 11

Trypsin and chymotrypsin continue where pepsin left off and breaks down the polypeptides into shorter peptides trypsin only works in basic environments.

Another proteases are secreted by the pancreas are called peptidases these finish off the protein digestion by tiring the small pepyides into invidual amino acids

Question 12

Carbohydrate digestion

Answer 12

The digestion of starch began in the mouth with the salivary amylase much of the starch and disaccharide are still present in the chyme in the duodenum

An enzyme secreted by the pancreas called pancreatic amylase continues to break down the leftover starch into smaller disaccharides

then the cells of the small intestine secrete carbohydrases to break down and disaccharide into monosaccharides ( the jejenum absorbs this)

Question 13

Fat digestion

Answer 13

No lipid digestion has happpend at all so far

When the fat is detected in the duodenum a hormone called gastric inhibitory CCK ins releases into the blood the CCK targets gall bladder and pancreas causing them to secrete digestive juices (gall bladder doesn’t produce but stores bile)

Bile emulsifies the small intestine ( large fat droplets into smaller fat droplets) this increase surface area for chemical digestion.
No chemical bonds are broken by the bile so this is considered mechanical digestion

Once emulsified an enzyme is secreted by the pancreas called lipases and can chemically digest the fats into fatty acids and glycerol and get absorbed

Question 14

Nucleotide digestion

Answer 14

DNA and RNA need to be broken apart into individual nucleotide the pancreas releases nucleases that chemically digest the Nucleic acids in order for absorption to make new dna in our cells

Question 15

Bile

Answer 15

Made by liver from bile salts choresterol and substance called bilirubin which comes from recycled blood cells

Question 16

Vili

Answer 16

Long finger like projections called vili line the walls of the small intestine this is it increase surface area for absorption by 10x inside vili are capillaries and the take in the nutrients to supply to the rest of the body

Question 17

Microvilli

Answer 17

Each cell of the Vili have smaller projections call microvili that increase surface area even further

Question 18

Large intestine

Answer 18

After all absorption is complete in the small intestine undigested material leaves the small intestine through a valve and enters the large intestine and chemical digestion is complete by the time it enters the large intestine. The large intestine absorbs excess water and water soluble vitamins and excess salts that are left after digestion.

Colon is filled with many bacteria which aid in absorption and produce vitamins b 12 & k and some amino acids

Question 19

Rectum

Answer 19

When most water has been removed from the indicates material a solid waste matter call feces is what remains and peristalsis propels the feces through the large intestine finger shaped and into the rectum which is th last few inches of the large intestine feces is collected here and eliminated through anus.

Question 20

Appendix

Answer 20

Located near the junction of the small and large intestine finger shaped pouch which has no major function appendix can be removed if infected by bacteria

Question 21

How vili absorb

Answer 21

Monosaccharides and amino acids are absorbed by active transport into the capillaries and fats diffuse into lacteals where they go to the liver to be processed

Question 22

Gall stones

Answer 22

Cholesterol in the bile can crystallize out of solution and these crystals are gallstones and are painful gallbladder can be removed and person can live without it