4 Main Macromolecules Flashcards
Carbohydrates purpose and examples
Fast source of energy
Ex:carbo loading
Ex: glucose lactose cellulose
Lipids purpose and examples
Store energy and insoluble in water or used in cellular membranes
Ex: triglycerides (unsat, sat, and trans fat)
Proteins purpose and examples
Structural parts of cells
Ex: muscles, bones, tendons
Nucleic acids purpose and examples
Included in DNA and RNA
Forms genetic code of living things
Monomers
Are smaller units of macromolecules that can be bonded together and form chains
Ex: a monosaccharide (one sugar)
Polymers
When multiple monomers are chained together
Macromolecules containing
Carbon, hydrogen, sulfur phosphorus and nitrogen
Dehydration synthesis
The assembling of macromolecules that form a bond by removing a hydroxyl OH group from one polymer and a H from another. ( water becomes a waste product )
Hydrolysis
Disassembling macromolecules is by water being added and the water splits into OH and H and each join a polymer then the polymers separate (requires enzymes)
Naming of carbohydrates
Carbs usually use a “ose” ending
Ex: glucose, lactose, cellulose
Simple sugars
A type of carbohydrate the contains one or two monomer units aka monosaccharide and disaccharide
Monosaccharides are also know as reducing sugars (by giving copper an electron)
Complex sugars
Another type of carbohydrate that contains more than 3 monomer units ( or simple sugars) bonded together called polysaccharides
Benedict solution
This allows us to test reducing sugars aka monosaccharides aka simple sugars when present solution turns from blue to red/orange
Common ratio of sugar unit in monosaccharides
C_ H_ O_
Carbohydrates = carbo hydrates
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Present in all carbohydrates but arranged in different orders to make up different carbohydrates
Examples of complex carbs
Starchy veggies like potatoes peas corn and whole grains (these contains lots of nutrients least impact on blood sugar)
Iodine solution
Used to test complex sugars when present solution turns yellow to black
Micronutrients
Nutrients received in small amounts like vitamins A B C
Phospholipids
Contains a hydrophobic tails (two) and one hydrophilic head perfect for cellular membranes
Triglycerides
Contains glycerol and three fatty acids
Glycerol usually stays consistent in all triglycerides but the composition of the three fatty acids are different
Saturated fat
No double bonds between carbon atoms in the fatty acid chain
Are solid at room temperature and due to single bonds this makes them very stable and hard to break down
Ex: butters
Unsaturated fat
Has double or triple bonds between carbon atoms
Double bonds are unstable and this allows it to be liquid at room temperature making it easier for the body to break down
Ex: oils
Trans fat
Unsaturated fats that have extra hydrogen molecules added. The hydrogen molecules break apart the double and triple bonds this makes them solid at room temperature because they are becoming more saturated
Causes to many health problems
Cholesterol
Fat like and waxy material in your blood that can build up in your artery walls
Sudan Iv
Used to test lipids if lipids are present solution will turn reddish/orange
HDL
High density lipoprotein called good cholesterol because it carries to bad cholesterol to the liver to break it down
HDL is usually made by your body
LDL
Low density lipoprotein called bad cholesterol this makes up 70% of the cholesterol we get from food that is highly saturated including trans fats is LDL
Amino acids
Monomers of proteins and contain nitrogen unlike lipid and carbs
Contains a central carbon and bonded to a R group Carboxyl group and Amine Group
The differences of each amino acid is the R group
Making peptides
Amino acids bonding by dehydration synthesis creating a peptide bond between aminos acids and water as a waste product
Polypeptides
Chains of amino acids bonded together and changing a singular amino acid can change the entire protein structure and function
Are very flexible and can twist and fold into shapes making the proteins suitable for their job
Denatured proteins
Exposing heat and radiation or change of pH to proteins causing them to get denatured ( changing its shape ) which then causes it to lose what it’s intended to do.
Biuret solution
Used to test proteins if proteins are present then the solution will change from blue to purple
Nucleotides
Are the monomers of Nucleic acids
Are there 4 different nucleotides that combine that make up all DNA
Example of simple carbs
Usually found in processed foods but can be present in non processed food
Ex: milk, fruits, soda, candy
