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Aplied Human Biology > Digestion And Exretion > Flashcards

Digestion And Exretion Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the key parts of the urinary system

A

Bladder ,urethra, kidneys, ureters

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2
Q

Why do we need a urinary system

A

Filters blood and removes waste and excess water

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3
Q

What are the key parts of the kidney

A

Medulla , cortex , nephron , glomelorulus loop of Henle
Renal artery renal vein renal tubule

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4
Q

What are nephrons

A

Nephrons are filtering units each kidney has about 1 million

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5
Q

What does the glomerulus

A

Glomerulus are in nephrons they filter your blood (ultrafiltration)

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6
Q

What happens in the PCT

A

Selective reabsorption takes place escaped glucose or useful substances goes back to the blood

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7
Q

What happens in the loop of henle

A

Some water may move back into the blood if dehydrated

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8
Q

What happens in dct

A

Salt levels are adjusted

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9
Q

What happens in the collecting duct

A

Final point to reabsorb any excess water back to the blood

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10
Q

What is osmoregulation

A

A homeostatic mechanism that regulates optimum conditions eg water temperature salts in the tissues and body

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11
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus in controlling water levels

A

Detects how much water is In the blood

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12
Q

What is the role of the pituitary gland in controlling water levels

A

Release ADH(hormone )

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13
Q

When is ADH relesesd

A

When there is a decrease in water content

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14
Q

What does ADH do

A

Helps control the amount of water your body loses through urine ADH is produced in the hypothalamus

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15
Q

What happens in the mouth during digestion

A

Teeth and young physically break down food chewing
Salivary glands produce saliva to moisten food
Enzymes are secreted to break down
Bolus frormed from food and saliva
Epiglottis blocks food from going down trachea

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16
Q

Describe the structure of the stomach

A

Epithelial tissue
Enzyme producing cells
Muscles

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17
Q

What are the functions of the stomach

A

Muscles contract and relax to break down food
Churning mixing with stomach juices
Enzyme protease
Chyme
Prarcially digested food mixed with stomach acid to kill bacteria

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18
Q

What 3 parts make up the small intestine

A

Duodenum jejunum ileum

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19
Q

What happens In the small intestine

A

Break down food and absorb nutrients
Duodenum bile and pancreatic juices secreted bile emulsifys fat easier to digest

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20
Q

How are the jejunum and ileum adapted for absorption

A

Long and highly folded surface with millions of villi
Villus only one cell thick
Huge network of capparies
Enzymes produced in walls

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21
Q

The pancreas has exocrine functions what does this mean

A

Responsible for secretion of digestive enzymes ions and water

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22
Q

The pancreas has endocrine functions what does this mean

A

Endocrine pancreas makes insulin which controls blood sugar levels

23
Q

What are the roles of the gall bladder and liver

A

Bile is made in liver and stored in gall bladder
Glycogen is stored in the liver
Liver breaks down toxins alcohol

24
Q

What are the roles of the large intestine and anus

A

Anus sphincter controls opening of anus
Goblet cells lubricate L intestine so feaces move through
gut microbiota aids digestion
Water and mineral removed and absorbed

25
Q

How are glucose and amino acids absorbed into the blood stream

A

Are absorbed by active transport low to heigh concentration

26
Q

How are glycerol and fatty acids absorbed into the blood stream

A

Move by diffusion and then combine to form triglycerides by the SER protein coat is added to fat molecules then diffuses into lymphatic vessels to be moved around the body

27
Q

How are inorganic ions and water absorbed into the bloodstream

A

Inorganic ion dosent contain carbon

28
Q

Where is amlayse made and what does it do

A

Made in salivary gland and pancreas
Digest starch into smaller molecules such as maltose and glucose

29
Q

Where is trysPsin made and what does it do

A

Made in pancreas
Is an enzyme that helps us digest protein in the small intestine continuing the process of digestion that began in the stomach

30
Q

Where is liPaSe made and what does it do

A

LiPaSe is made in pancreas mouth and stomach

31
Q

Where is pepsin made and what does it do

A

Gastric chief cells of stomach lining as pepsin is a stomach enzyme that digests proteins found in undefeated food

32
Q

What cells in the pancreas detect low sugar levels and secrete insulin

A

Pancreatic B cells detect a decrease

33
Q

What 4 things does insulin cause to happen which reduces blood sugar levels

A
34
Q

What is glycogenisis

A

Making of glycogen conversion of glucose into glycogen ( glucose stored as glycogen in liver and muscles )

35
Q

What is lipogenisis

A

Excess glucose is turned into lipids in liver

36
Q

What cells in the pancreas detect higher sugar levels and secrete glucagon

A

Alpha cells in the pancreas release glucagon which elevates blood glucose

37
Q

What is glycogenolysis

A

When glycogen breaks down in to glucose in muscle cells and liver

38
Q

What is gluconeogenesis

A

Lipids or protein are turned into glucose occurs in liver and kidneys

39
Q

What are the causes of type one diabetes

A

Caused by an autoimmune response where the body destroys the cells in the pancreas that make insulin

40
Q

What is the cause of type 2 diabetes

A

Obesity can cause insulin resistance
sedentary lifestyle
genes
High fat diet

41
Q

What are symptoms of diabetes

A

Thirsty
Urinating more than Usual
Very tired
Lose weight without trying
Blurred vision
Cuts and grazes don’t heal

42
Q

What are the causes and symptoms of hypoglycemia

A

If somone has diabetes but I sent properly treated and has to much sugar In their blood
Symptoms
Feeling hungry dizzy weak tired sweating shaking tingling lips heart palpitations

43
Q

What are the causes and symptoms of hyperglycaemia

A

To little sugar in the blood stream
Symptoms
Extremely thirsty
Peeing a lot
Blurred vision

44
Q

How can type 1 diabetes be treated

A

Take insulin shots daily or pump so insulin can manage blood sugar

45
Q

How can type 2 diabetes be treated and prevented

A

Treated
Diet control reduced calorie eating plan exercise plan
Prevented
Active balanced lifestyle
Balanced diet

46
Q

What are macronutrients

A

Are the nutrients we need in larger quantities such as carbohydrates proteins fats macronutrients provide our body with energy to function and repair

47
Q

Micronutrients

A

The nutrients that are equally important but are consumed in smaller amounts eg vitamins and minerals

48
Q

What factors can effect how many calories that you need on a daily basis

A

Gender age hight weight activity level season job illness

49
Q

Why might some people need to control their calorie intake

A

To many calories can increase risk or cause type two diabetes
Or heart diseases such as CHD

50
Q

Why is BMI important for medical professionals

A

It is a good guide to see if someone is healthy and at good weight and is easy to use

51
Q

What is the equation for BMI

A

Weight
————— = BMI
Hight2.

52
Q

What are some issues of using BMI

A

Doesn’t consider muscle or bone density so someone may be considered obese when it is just the weight of their bone

Sport’s athletes could be consider over or underweight onBMI but be healthier than the average person

53
Q

What are exclusion diet why are they important

A

Eating diet that eliminates food that causes allergic reactions of discomfort eg nuts lactose gluten

Aplied Human Biology (4 decks)

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