Digestion And Exretion Flashcards
What are the key parts of the urinary system
Bladder ,urethra, kidneys, ureters
Why do we need a urinary system
Filters blood and removes waste and excess water
What are the key parts of the kidney
Medulla , cortex , nephron , glomelorulus loop of Henle
Renal artery renal vein renal tubule
What are nephrons
Nephrons are filtering units each kidney has about 1 million
What does the glomerulus
Glomerulus are in nephrons they filter your blood (ultrafiltration)
What happens in the PCT
Selective reabsorption takes place escaped glucose or useful substances goes back to the blood
What happens in the loop of henle
Some water may move back into the blood if dehydrated
What happens in dct
Salt levels are adjusted
What happens in the collecting duct
Final point to reabsorb any excess water back to the blood
What is osmoregulation
A homeostatic mechanism that regulates optimum conditions eg water temperature salts in the tissues and body
What is the role of the hypothalamus in controlling water levels
Detects how much water is In the blood
What is the role of the pituitary gland in controlling water levels
Release ADH(hormone )
When is ADH relesesd
When there is a decrease in water content
What does ADH do
Helps control the amount of water your body loses through urine ADH is produced in the hypothalamus
What happens in the mouth during digestion
Teeth and young physically break down food chewing
Salivary glands produce saliva to moisten food
Enzymes are secreted to break down
Bolus frormed from food and saliva
Epiglottis blocks food from going down trachea
Describe the structure of the stomach
Epithelial tissue
Enzyme producing cells
Muscles
What are the functions of the stomach
Muscles contract and relax to break down food
Churning mixing with stomach juices
Enzyme protease
Chyme
Prarcially digested food mixed with stomach acid to kill bacteria
What 3 parts make up the small intestine
Duodenum jejunum ileum
What happens In the small intestine
Break down food and absorb nutrients
Duodenum bile and pancreatic juices secreted bile emulsifys fat easier to digest
How are the jejunum and ileum adapted for absorption
Long and highly folded surface with millions of villi
Villus only one cell thick
Huge network of capparies
Enzymes produced in walls
The pancreas has exocrine functions what does this mean
Responsible for secretion of digestive enzymes ions and water
The pancreas has endocrine functions what does this mean
Endocrine pancreas makes insulin which controls blood sugar levels
What are the roles of the gall bladder and liver
Bile is made in liver and stored in gall bladder
Glycogen is stored in the liver
Liver breaks down toxins alcohol
What are the roles of the large intestine and anus
Anus sphincter controls opening of anus
Goblet cells lubricate L intestine so feaces move through
gut microbiota aids digestion
Water and mineral removed and absorbed
How are glucose and amino acids absorbed into the blood stream
Are absorbed by active transport low to heigh concentration
How are glycerol and fatty acids absorbed into the blood stream
Move by diffusion and then combine to form triglycerides by the SER protein coat is added to fat molecules then diffuses into lymphatic vessels to be moved around the body
How are inorganic ions and water absorbed into the bloodstream
Inorganic ion dosent contain carbon
Where is amlayse made and what does it do
Made in salivary gland and pancreas
Digest starch into smaller molecules such as maltose and glucose
Where is trysPsin made and what does it do
Made in pancreas
Is an enzyme that helps us digest protein in the small intestine continuing the process of digestion that began in the stomach
Where is liPaSe made and what does it do
LiPaSe is made in pancreas mouth and stomach
Where is pepsin made and what does it do
Gastric chief cells of stomach lining as pepsin is a stomach enzyme that digests proteins found in undefeated food
What cells in the pancreas detect low sugar levels and secrete insulin
Pancreatic B cells detect a decrease
What 4 things does insulin cause to happen which reduces blood sugar levels
What is glycogenisis
Making of glycogen conversion of glucose into glycogen ( glucose stored as glycogen in liver and muscles )
What is lipogenisis
Excess glucose is turned into lipids in liver
What cells in the pancreas detect higher sugar levels and secrete glucagon
Alpha cells in the pancreas release glucagon which elevates blood glucose
What is glycogenolysis
When glycogen breaks down in to glucose in muscle cells and liver
What is gluconeogenesis
Lipids or protein are turned into glucose occurs in liver and kidneys
What are the causes of type one diabetes
Caused by an autoimmune response where the body destroys the cells in the pancreas that make insulin
What is the cause of type 2 diabetes
Obesity can cause insulin resistance
sedentary lifestyle
genes
High fat diet
What are symptoms of diabetes
Thirsty
Urinating more than Usual
Very tired
Lose weight without trying
Blurred vision
Cuts and grazes don’t heal
What are the causes and symptoms of hypoglycemia
If somone has diabetes but I sent properly treated and has to much sugar In their blood
Symptoms
Feeling hungry dizzy weak tired sweating shaking tingling lips heart palpitations
What are the causes and symptoms of hyperglycaemia
To little sugar in the blood stream
Symptoms
Extremely thirsty
Peeing a lot
Blurred vision
How can type 1 diabetes be treated
Take insulin shots daily or pump so insulin can manage blood sugar
How can type 2 diabetes be treated and prevented
Treated
Diet control reduced calorie eating plan exercise plan
Prevented
Active balanced lifestyle
Balanced diet
What are macronutrients
Are the nutrients we need in larger quantities such as carbohydrates proteins fats macronutrients provide our body with energy to function and repair
Micronutrients
The nutrients that are equally important but are consumed in smaller amounts eg vitamins and minerals
What factors can effect how many calories that you need on a daily basis
Gender age hight weight activity level season job illness
Why might some people need to control their calorie intake
To many calories can increase risk or cause type two diabetes
Or heart diseases such as CHD
Why is BMI important for medical professionals
It is a good guide to see if someone is healthy and at good weight and is easy to use
What is the equation for BMI
Weight
————— = BMI
Hight2.
What are some issues of using BMI
Doesn’t consider muscle or bone density so someone may be considered obese when it is just the weight of their bone
Sport’s athletes could be consider over or underweight onBMI but be healthier than the average person
What are exclusion diet why are they important
Eating diet that eliminates food that causes allergic reactions of discomfort eg nuts lactose gluten
