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Biology > Digestion And Absorption Vocab > Flashcards

Digestion And Absorption Vocab Flashcards

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0
Q

Egestion

A

Passing out of food that has not been digested as faeces through the ANUS (usually fibre)
NOT excretion, NOT waste products/toxic materials

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1
Q

Ingestion

A

Taking in substances eg. food/drink into the body through the mouth

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2
Q

Digestion

A

The breaking down of large, insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble molecules using mechanical and chemical processes

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3
Q

Absorption

A

Movement of digested food molecules through the wall of the intestine into the blood or lymph

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4
Q

Small intestine

A

Region for absorption of digested food

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5
Q

Assimilation

A

Movement of digested food molecules into cells of body where they are used, becoming part of the cells

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6
Q

Alimentary canal

A

(7m) route taken by food in digestion & absorption

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7
Q

Salivary glands

A

Secrete saliva into mouth

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8
Q

Bolus

A

Ball of chewed food created by tongue to push to back of mouth easily

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9
Q

Oesophagus

A

Tube connecting throat to stomach

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10
Q

Peristalsis

A

A wave of muscle (longitudinal and circular) contractions - anywhere; push food from behind (relaxation at front)

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11
Q

Mucus

A

Fluid used to lubricate, protect and moisten passages in digestive system

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12
Q

Cardiac sphincter

A

Ring of muscles to close off a passage at the esophagogastric junction

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13
Q

Describe the processes of chewing

A

MECHANICAL DIGESTION
Incisors cut food
Canines tear/cut food
Premolars and molars grind food

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14
Q

Mouth function

A 
(Salivary glands) Secretes saliva (slightly alkaline, contains mucus)
Mechanical digestion (teeth chew/cut food for swallowing + increase surface area for enzyme action)
Ingestion
Chemical digestion (saliva contains AMYLASE for breakdown of starch to maltose
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15
Q

Oesophagus function

A

Secretes mucus

Consists of longitudinal and circular muscles - antagonistic pairs (peristalsis)

16
Q

Stomach function

A 
Secretes gastric juice via walls of stomach (contains mucus, HYDROCHLORIC ACID, PEPSIN (protease))
Chemical digestion (HCl) 
Mechanical digestion - churning
17
Q

Duodenum (small intestine) function

A 
Secretes mucus, bile from gall bladder (emulsified fats to increase surface area for enzyme action) + pancreatic juice, LIPASE, TRYPSIN, AMYLASE, bicarbonate
Chemical digestion (+ peristalsis)
18
Q

Ileum (small intestine) function

A

Secretes mucus
Enzymes include PROTEASE (proteins/polypeptides = amino acids), sucrase (sucrose-glucose/fructose), maltase (maltose-glucose), erepsin (polypeptides-amino acids), lactase (lactose-glucose)
Main absorption site of nutrients eg. products of enzyme action (glucose, vitamins, amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol) + reabsorbs water
Peristalsis

19
Q

Colon (large intestine) function

A

Secretes mucus

Reabsorption of water

20
Q

Rectum (large intestine) function

A

Secretes mucus

Egestion (stores faeces)

21
Q

Anus

A

Egestion

Sphincter to regulate removal of faeces

22
Q

Fat

A

An energy storage substance

23
Q

Liver

A

Insulin - causes liver to absorb more glucose + convert to glycogen (chain of glucose monomers)-storage
Glucagon- causes liver to breakdown glycogen to glucose + release into bloodstream
Excess amino acids in blood in liver DEAMINATED (removal of amino group) - rest of molecule used in respiration/stored as fat/carbohydrate (energy release)
Deamination forms ammonia (soluble gas - very toxic) converted to urea - removed during urination
Liver detoxifies alcohol + other poisons/drugs eg. paracetamol (site of breakdown of alcohol and other toxins)
Breaks down hormones

24
Q

Capillary

A

Blood vessel - very thin walls

25
Q

Artery

A 
Blood vessel (generally*) leading oxygenated blood away from the heart to organs and tissues around the body
*exceptions eg. pulmonary artery (deoxygenated blood)
26
Q

Veins

A 
Blood vessel (generally*) carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart
*exceptions eg. pulmonary vein (oxygenated blood)
27
Q

Hepatic portal vein

A

Joins gut and liver - all blood/substances in gut are detoxified before entering circulation

28
Q

Deamination

A

Removal of amino group from amino acids to form ammonia - highly toxic soluble gas
Liver changes to urea - 100 000x less toxic (?)

29
Q

Amino group

A

Nitrogen containing part of amino acid

30
Q

Excretion

A

Removal of waste products from metabolism via urination or respiration

Biology (4 decks)

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