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MFM > Digestion and absorption of carbs > Flashcards

Digestion and absorption of carbs Flashcards

1
Q

Monosaccharide found in table sugar

A

glucose

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2
Q

Monosaccharide found in fruits

A

fructose

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3
Q

Monosaccharide found in “milk sugar”

A

galactose

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4
Q

Sucrose bond and 2sugars

A

alpha-1,2. glucose and fructose

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5
Q

Lactose bond and 2sugars

A

beta-1,4. glucose and galactose

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6
Q

Maltose bond and 2sugars

A

alpha-1,4. glucose and glucose

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7
Q

2 components of starch and where found

A

amylose and amylopectin. storage in plant cells

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8
Q

glycogen found in

A

animal cells

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9
Q

cellulose aka ___ found where

A

fiber. found in plant cell walls

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10
Q

amylose bond

A

alpha 1,4

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11
Q

amylopectin bond

A

alpha 1,4 and alpha 1,6

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12
Q

glycogen bond

A

alpha 1,4 and alpha 1,6

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13
Q

cellulose bond

A

beta 1,4

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14
Q

which is more branched? glycogen or amylopectin

A

glycogen

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15
Q

which polysaccharide can humans NOT break down and why

A

cellulose. cannot break down beta 1,4 linkages

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16
Q

what is the function of gastrointestinal organs?

A

digestion and absorption

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17
Q

alpha amylase breaks down what linkages

A

alpha 1,4 found in starch

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18
Q

what is alpha amylase considered and where is it found

A

endoglycosidase found in saliva and pancreatic juice

19
Q

what are the products after alpha amylase is used in starch

A

maltose, maltotriose, and alpha dextrins (shortened polysaccharide chains)

20
Q

what epithelium releases the enzymes lactase, sucrase, and alpha glucosidases

A

intestinal

21
Q

what are the two alpha glucosidases and what do they cleave

A

maltase cleaves alpha 1,4. isomaltase cleaves alpha 1,6

22
Q

what is the most commonly deficient enzyme

A

lactase

23
Q

what does the drug Acarbose do and how does it do it

A

blocks activities of pancreatic alpha amylase and brush border alpha glucosidases.
Used to treat Type 2 diabetes.
Reduces the rate at which ingested carbs reach bloodstream after a meal

24
Q

Facilitative glucose transporters are

A

GLUT 1-5

25
Q

Na+ dependent transporters are

A

SGLT1 and SGLT2

26
Q

SGLT1 is found in

A

intestine

27
Q

SGLT2 is found in

A

kidney

28
Q

Mutations in SGLT1 cause

A

malabsorption of Glc and Gal

29
Q

Mutations in SGLT2 cause

A

familial renal glycosuria

30
Q

how do Glifozins work and what do they treat

A

inhibitors of SGLT2 transporters. inhibit reabsorption of glucose which allows for more to be excreted in urine. helps with type 2 diabetes

31
Q

GLUT2 where is it found and what does it do

A

found in pancreatic beta cells.

  1. receptor takes in glucose
  2. allows for ATP to be broken down in mitochondria
  3. this breakdown of ATP closes K+ channel which allows for K+ to stay in and depolarization of cell
  4. change in membrane polarization opens voltage gated calcium channel allowing calcium to enter
  5. increased calcium leads to insulin being released
32
Q

GLUT4 where is it found and what does it do

A

found in muscle and adipose tissue.

  1. stimulated by insulin which causes GLUT4s which were in membrane to fuse with plasma membrane.
  2. the more GLUT4s attach the more glucose can be taken in by the cell
33
Q

when are GLUT4’s recruited to membrane in muscles?

A

during exercise

34
Q

what mediates the uptake of GLUT4 in muscles during exercise

A

AMP-dependents protein kinase (AMPK).

35
Q

What gene is mutated in neonatal diabete

A

KCNJ11 gene

36
Q

what does the KCNJ11 gene code for and what disease process is relevant

A

encodes subunit for K+ATP channel. Neonatal diabetes

37
Q

What does KCNJ11 gene mutation do in neonatal diabetes?

A

eliminates ATP-dependent regulation of the channel and results in always open channel. Inability to close prevents release of insulin in beta pancreatic cells

38
Q

what drug can be used to treat neonatal diabetes

A

sulfonylureas

39
Q

how does sulfonyureas work and what does it treat

A

stimulates release of insulin by closing ATP-sensitive K-channels in beta cells. treats neonatal diabetes

40
Q

what GLUT is responsible for sending glucose across blood brain barrier

A

GLUT1

41
Q

GLUT1 deficiency causes

A

decreased glucose transport into the cerebrospinal fluid and brain. patients suffer with seizures in infancy and developmental delays

42
Q

What GLUTs control BBB

A

GLUT 1 and GLUT3

43
Q

symptoms of hypoglycemia like light-headedness or dizziness are relevant with what GLUT transporters

A

GLUT 1 and GLUT3

MFM (6 decks)

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