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Physio U4 > Digestion and Absorption > Flashcards

Digestion and Absorption Flashcards

1
Q

Digestion of Carbohydrates

A

salivary and pancreatic amylase

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2
Q

Amylase breaks down starches to

A

maltotriose, Dextrins, Maltose

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3
Q

Glycosidases include

A

maltase, lactase, sucrase, isomaltase

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4
Q

Glycosidases are located in

A

brush border

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5
Q

Glycosidases break down saccharides to

A

glucose, galactose, and fructose

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6
Q

Lactase

A

lactose –> glucose + galactose

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7
Q

Sucrase

A

sucrose –> glucose + fructose

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8
Q

GLUT-5

A

apical and basolateral membrane, transport of fructose

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9
Q

SGLT-1

A

apical membrane, transports glucose and galactose, Na-dependent, Na/K ATPase for gradient

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10
Q

GLUT-2

A

basolateral membrane, transports glucose and galactose

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11
Q

Peptide digestion

A

pepsin, pancreatic proteolytic enzymes, aminopeptidase, cytoplasmic peptidase

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12
Q

Pepsin

A

from chief cells activated by H (pH 1-2)

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13
Q

Pancreatic proteolytic enzymes

A

oligopeptides to amino acids, activated by enterokinase and trypsin (pH 7)

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14
Q

Brush border aminopeptidases

A

hydrolyze remaining oligopeptides, tri- and d-peptides to aa

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15
Q

Cytoplasmic peptidases

A

within enterocytes, try- and di- peptides are broken into AA

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16
Q

Pept-1

A

transports tri- and di-peptides across apical border with H+

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17
Q

M-cell Pinocytosis

A

intact absorption of tri- and di-peptides (bacteria, antibodies)

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18
Q

Triglyceride digestion

A

first broken down into 2-MG and FFA, 2-MG can form micelles

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19
Q

Digestion of phospholipids

A

phospholipase A2 releases FFA and lysophospholipids and long-chain FFA which form micelles

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20
Q

Cholesterol and long-chain FFA

A

form micelles

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21
Q

Short-chain and medium-chain FFA

A

<12 C; do not form micelles

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22
Q

Enzymatic cleavage of lipids must occur at

A

oil-water interface

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23
Q

Emulsification

A

break down of large globules of fat, mastication, retropulsion, peristalsis

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24
Q

Gastric Lipase

A

15% triglycerides to DAG and FFA

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25
Q

Colipase

A

activated by CCK –> trypsin cleavage; binds lipase to the oil-water interface

26
Q

Lipase

A

inhibited by bile acids, activated by colipase

27
Q

Micelle incorporation

A

LCFFA, 2-MG, lysophospholipids, cholesterol

28
Q

Will not incorporate into micelle

A

SCFFA or MCFFA, triglyceride, or bilirubin

29
Q

Absorption of lipid products

A

micelle break down at apical surface, and contents diffuse

30
Q

SCFFA and MCFFA transport

A

diffusion

31
Q

Once in enterocyte,

A

DAG, 2-MG, LGFFA are converted back to TG and packaged in chylomicrons

32
Q

Chylomicrons have a protein coat

A

apoprotein B

33
Q

Cholesterols are esterified to

A

cholesterol esters

34
Q

Fat-soluble vitamine ADEK

A

are incorporated into micelles

35
Q

Vitamin B12 absorption

A

binds R protein of saliva in gastric lumen, in small intestine it binds intrinsic factor, in ileum intrinsic factor binds receptor and facilitates absorption of B12

36
Q

TRPV5/6

A

Ca transport protein

37
Q

within enterocytes calcium binds

A

calbindin Ca-BP

38
Q

2 requirements to extrude Ca at basolateral membrane

A

Ca-ATPase and Na/Ca exchanger

39
Q

Vitamin D effect on Ca absorption

A

increases number of apical Ca-channels, number of cytosolic Ca-BP, and activity of Ca-ATPase

40
Q

PPI and Ca absorption

A

less solubilized Ca for absorption due to higher pH

41
Q

Na Absorption transport mechanism

A

co-transport with glucose and galactose and exchange for H+

42
Q

IN COLON Na absorption is influenced by aldosterone

A

synthesis and insertion of ENaC

43
Q

Divalent metal transporter 1

A

Fe3+ to Fe2+ and enters enterocyte through DMT1

44
Q

Heme oxygenase

A

release Fe from heme in enterocyte

45
Q

Fe inside enterocyte is stored as

A

ferritin and exported via ferooportin-1

46
Q

Once ferritin is being exported

A

hephestin converts Fe2+ to Fe3+ and Fe3+ binds apotransferrin

47
Q

Small intestine digests and absorbs almost all carbs, fats, and proteins but

A

colonic bateria may digest it is they reach the colon

48
Q

Carbohydrate + colonic bacteria

A

SCFFA (reabsorbed or excreted) and gas

49
Q

Protein + colonic bacteria

A

ammonia and cadavarine

50
Q

Triglycerides + colonic bacteria

A

NOT digested = steatorrhea

51
Q

Bile Acids + colonic bacteria

A

Secondary bile acids (lipid-soluble) absorbed by simple diffusion

52
Q

Osmotic gradient and water flux

A

high accumulation of nutrients and electrolytes produced an osmotic gradient

53
Q

Hydrostatic pressure and water flux

A

presence of water in ECS or lumen

54
Q

Absorption of water

A

water follows osmoles into ECS, increasing hydrostatic pressure in ECS, causing flow from ECS into capillaries

55
Q

Passive water flux decreases as we move

A

distally

56
Q

How to treat diarrhea and dehydration

A

H2O, glucose, and Na SLGT-1 transporter

57
Q

Osmotic diarrhea - pancreatic insufficiency (bile obstruction, ZES, CF, pancreatitis)

A

maldigestion, oncotic forces pull water into lumen causing diarrhea

58
Q

Reduced luminal bile acid concentrations

A

impaired micelle formation causing diarrhea (locked duct, ileal disease, ZES, bacteria overgrowth)

59
Q

Lactose intolerance

A

lactose remains in lumen drawing in water

60
Q

Mucosal Malabsorption

A

destruction of intestinal mucosa (celiacs or IBD) decreased nutrient absorption = osmotic diarrhea

Physio U4 (9 decks)

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