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Exchange and Transport > Digestion and Absorption > Flashcards

Digestion and Absorption Flashcards

1
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

Breaking bonds by adding water

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2
Q

What is digestion

A

Physical breakdown

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3
Q

Physical breakdown

A

-Breakdown of food into absorbable nutrients

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4
Q

Chemical digestion

A

Hydrolyses large, insoluble molecules

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5
Q

What is the importance of digestion?

A

Hydrolyses large food molecules into smaller molecules

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6
Q

Oesphagus

A

carries food from mouth to stomach. adapted for transport. made up of a thick muscular wall

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7
Q

stomach

A

muscular sac between the oesphagus and the small intestine where digestion of food begins

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8
Q

ileum

A

Part of small intestine

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9
Q

large intestine

A

Absorbs water and forms feces

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10
Q

Rectum

A

stores feces

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11
Q

Salivary glands

A

Contain amylase to hyrdolyse starch into maltose

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12
Q

Pancreas

A

Pancreatic juice (hydrolyse proteins, lipids and starch)

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13
Q

Why are different enzymes needed to catalyse the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids?

A

Enzymes are proteins with specific tertiary structures

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14
Q

Where is amylase produced?

A

Pancreas, salivary glands and small intestine

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15
Q

Where is amylase secreted?

A

Mouth and small intestine

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16
Q

What is amylase for

A

Hyrdolyses alternate glycosidic bonds of starch molecule to produce maltose

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17
Q

Where is maltase produced?

A

(In the cell membrane of epithelial cells)

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18
Q

Maltose

A

glucose + glucose

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19
Q

Where is maltase secreted?

A

Small intestine

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20
Q

Role of maltase

A

Hyrdolyses maltase into monosaccharide (alpha glucose)

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21
Q

Process of carbohydrate digestion

A
  • Saliva breaks down and hydrolyses food to maltose (neutralises pH)
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22
Q

Process of carbohydrate digestion (muscles in intestine)

A

Muscles in intestine wall push food along ileum

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23
Q

Sucrase

A

hydrolyses sucrose into glucose and fructose

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24
Q

Lactase

A

an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of lactose to glucose and galactose.

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25
Q

What are the roles of the glands in the digestive system?

A

To produce digestive juices

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26
Q

Name two types of glands in the digestive system

A

Pancreatic glands

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27
Q

What is the function of the small intestine in the digestive system?

A

It is where some digestion occurs and the absorption of soluble food also occurs

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28
Q

What is the function of the stomach in the digestive system?

A

It is where digestion occurs.

29
Q

What is the role of the liver in the digestive system?

A

It produces bile

30
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Biological catalysts with a specific shape active site

31
Q

Where is lipase produced?

A

Pancreas and small intestine

32
Q

Where is lipase secreted?

A

The small intestine

33
Q

Role of lipase

A

digests lipid molecules; necessary for the preparation of absorption of triglycerides

34
Q

emulsification

A

Breakdown of large fat globules into smaller, digestible particles (micelles)

35
Q

Where is protease produced?

A

Stomach, pancreas and small intestine

36
Q

Where is protease secreted?

A

Stomach and small intestine

37
Q

Different peptidases

A

Endopeptidases

38
Q

Endopeptidase

A

Hydrolyse peptide bonds between amino acids in central region of protein molecule

39
Q

Exopeptidase

A

Hydrolyses peptide bonds on end of peptide molecules (formed from endopeptidases)

40
Q

Dipeptidase

A

splits dipeptides into amino acids

41
Q

What is the role of bile in the digestive system?

A

Neutralises HCl (from stomach) to provide alkaline conditions in which small intestine enzymes work best

42
Q

Where is bile produced?

A

Liver

43
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

Gall bladder

44
Q

What are proteins hydrolysed to?

A

Amino acids

45
Q

What is starch hydrolysed to?

A

alpha glucose

46
Q

What is fat hydrolysed to?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

47
Q

Why can starch not be absorbed as easily?

A

It is a large, insoluble molecule

48
Q

What is starch first digested to?

A

Maltose

49
Q

What is maltose digested to?

A

alpha glucose

50
Q

Explain how starch is hydrolysed to maltose

A

Amylase in the small intestine and mouth hydrolyses the glycosidic bonds

51
Q

Explain how maltose is hydrolysed to alpha glucose

A

Maltase (membrane bound disaccharidase)

52
Q

Which monosaccharides is sucrose hydrolysed to?

A

Glucose

53
Q

Which monosaccharides is lactose hydrolysed to?

A

Glucose

54
Q

How is the small intestine adapted for digestion?

A

The lining Is folded into villi which give a large surface area

55
Q

Explain how dipeptides are hydrolysed to amino acids

A

Dipeptidases in the cell surface membrane of epithelial cells

56
Q

Explain the steps in the digestion of a protein to a dipeptide

A

Endopeptidases hydrolyse peptide bonds within the protein

57
Q

Explain how amino acids are absorbed

A

Na+ actively transported into the ileum from the epithelial cells

58
Q

Where does lipid digestion occur?

A

The lumen of the small intestine

59
Q

Explain the role of bile in lipid digestion

A

Bile salts emulsify lipids

60
Q

Explain lipid digestion

A

In the small intestine lipase hydrolyses ester bonds

61
Q

Explain how the products of lipid digestion are absorbed

A

Micelles move monoglycerides and fatty acids to the epithelium

62
Q

Explain why chylomicrons leave the cell by exocytosis

A

They are too large to leave by any other method

63
Q

Give an advantage of maltose being in the cell membrane and not secreted in pancreatic juice

A

It’s a more effective way to absorb the products

64
Q

Why would damage to the microvilli cause the amino acid concentration of the blood to decrease?

A

Decreases surface area of epithelial cells

65
Q

Explain co transport of glucose and sodium ions

A

Na+ actively transported out of epithelial cells into blood

66
Q

What is the difference in the co-transport of amino acids and the co-transport of glucose?

A

With glucose - Na+ are actively transported into the blood

67
Q

How is the ileum adapted for absorption?

A
  • Thin walls lined with epithelial cells on other side which is rich with capillaries, which can carry absorbed molecules away
68
Q

Absorption of amino acids and monosaccharides

A

Diffusion and co-transport

69
Q

Absorption of triglycerides

A

Micelles break down when in contact with epithelia cells, releasing monoglycerides and fatty acids (non- polar so diffuse)

Exchange and Transport (11 decks)

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