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Gastrointestinal System > digestion and absorption > Flashcards

digestion and absorption Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up a good plate?

A

-1/3 rd fruit and veg
-1/3rd carb rich
-half protein
-half healthy fats

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2
Q

carbohydrates?

A

-energy source
-bread rice pasta potatoes

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3
Q

protein?

A

-repair and growth
-meat fish dairy nuts

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4
Q

fat?

A

-long term energy store
-insulation
-meat cheese cream fish avocado

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5
Q

vitamins?

A

A- vision, liver sweet potato
C- antioxidant, citrus
D - Ca absorption, oily fish
B- vegetables

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6
Q

minerals?

A

ca - bone mineralisation, milk
fe - oxygen transport, red meat
K - banana

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7
Q

fibre?

A

effective bowel movement, plants, fruit veg, nuts, cereals

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8
Q

what are triglycerides?

A

glycerol and 3 fatty acids, 90% of fat in the diet, can be saturated or unsaturated.

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9
Q

phospholipids?

A

-present in plasma membrane
-composed of 2 fatty acid chains

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10
Q

what is cholesterol?

A

present in the plasma membrane, also forms basis for synthesis of other hormones

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11
Q

where can we get saturated fats?

A

-mainly animal foods
-meat fat, butter, cream and cheese

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12
Q

where can we get unsaturated fats?

A

-mainly from plants
-olive and rape seed, nuts

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13
Q

where can we get cholesterol?

A

-plants and animals
-dairy products
-palm and coconut oil

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14
Q

what happens if we get too much fats?

A

-atherosclerosis (can lead to heart attack and stroke)
-obesity

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15
Q

what are the 9 essential amino acids?

A

body cant synthesise them
-phenylalanine
-valine
-tryptophan
-threonine
-isoleucine
-methionine
-histidine
-leucine
-lysine

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16
Q

what are the common carbs?

A

monosaccharides- glucose, fructose, galactose
disaccharides - sucrose, maltose and lactose
polysaccharides -starch

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17
Q

what is digestion?

A

process by which food is broken down into components simple enough to be absorbed in the intestine

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18
Q

what enzymes aid digestion?

A

secreted by;
-glandular cells in mouth
-chief cells in stomach
-endocrine cells of pancreas
-enzymes bound to the apical membrane of enterocytes

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19
Q

where is saliva produced?

A

parotid, submandibular and sublingual salivary glands

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20
Q

what is the function of saliva?

A

-moistens food
-starts the digestion of carbs
-starts the digestion of lipids

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21
Q

where is the start of protein digestion?

A

the stomach

22
Q

how does the stomach degrade food?

A

parietal cells-hydrochloric acid secretion which denatures proteins and activates pepsin (conversion of pepsin to active endopeptidase)

23
Q

what are zymogens?

A

-inactive forms of compounds
-many enzymes are synthesised as inactive precursors that are subsequently activated by cleavage of one or a few peptide bonds. the inactive precursor is called zymogen

24
Q

what are the 2 functions of the pancreas?

A

exocrine- pancreatic juice (enzymes) and alkali secretions
endocrine- secretion of insulin and glucagon

25
Q

what are released as active forms?

A

non proteolytic enzymes
-amylase
-lipase
-ribonuclease
-deoxyribonuclease

26
Q

what are released as zymogens?

A

proteolytic enzyme
-trypsin
-chymotrypsin
-carboxypeptidase
-elastase
-phospholipase

27
Q

what is the liver?

A

-production of bile
-stored in gallbladder and released into the duodenum after a meal
-emulsification of fat particles
-aids absorption of fats by forming complexes called micelles

28
Q

bile salts?

A

synthesised from cholesterol and are transported into chalice acid and chenyeoxycholic acid which is then conjugated to amino acid (glycine or taurine)

29
Q

what is the functions of bile?

A

-emulsification of lipid aggregates
-solubisation and transport of lipids in aqueous environment

30
Q

functions of duodenum?

A

-mixing secretions from pancreas, liver and duodenum with food
-neutralisation of acid
-further digestion
-absorption

31
Q

functions of jejunum?

A

-completing breakdown
-nutrient absorption

32
Q

function of lleum?

A

nutrient absorption

33
Q

what is enterokinase?

A

produced in the duodenum
-is a protease
-activates trypsin which activates other molecules and is a key digestive enzyme

34
Q

what enzymes make up the brush border?

A

-integral part of the membrane (not free in lumen, tethered to plasma membrane)
-peptidase
-lactase
-sucrase
-maltase

35
Q

mastication?

A

breaks up food and moistens it in the mouth

36
Q

what happens in the mouth?

A

carbs - starch broken down by amylase and maltotrise maltose and limit dextrin
proteins - nothing
lipids - lingual lipase present but minor contribution

37
Q

what happens in the stomach?

A

-highly acidic gastric juice is mixed with food and churned (chyme)
carbs - nothing
proteins - HCl denatures proteins and activates pepsin 9endopeptidase that cleaves to smaller peptides)
lipids - gastric lipase present but minor contribution

38
Q

what happens in the duodenum?

A

chyme mixes with pancreatic juice and bile slightly alkaline
cabs- amylase further digests starch brush border disaccharides result in monosaccharides
proteins - cleaved by trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase to produce increasingly smaller peptides, brush border peptidases produce dipeptides/amino acids
lipids - pancreatic lipase digests lipids to monoglycerides and fatty acids. phospholipase digests phospholipids to lysolecithin and fatty acids

39
Q

what is passive absorption?

A

molecules move along conc gradient, very slow, no energy required

40
Q

what is facilitated transport?

A

slightly faster
-involves membrane carrier
is controllable

41
Q

what is active transport?

A

-uses energy
-fast
-uses membrane carrier
-controller

42
Q

What do calcium; magnesium and phosphorous do?

A

Harden teeth and bones

43
Q

What does iron do?

A

Plays a crucial pert in haemoglobin

44
Q

What does potassium, sodium and chlorine do?

A

Helps maintain body’s pH balance and used in action potentials

45
Q

What are the essential fatty acids ?

A

Omega 6 and 3 fatty acids

46
Q

which digestive enzyme starts the digestion of carbs?

A

alpha-amylase

47
Q

what is tyripsin?

A

goes onto activate all the other proteolytic zymogens that were produced from the pancreas.

48
Q

what activates tyripsin?

A

enterokinase

49
Q

what are the products of maltose?

A

glucose and glucose

50
Q

what are the products of sucrose?

A

glucose and fructose

51
Q
A

Gastrointestinal System (5 decks)

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