Digestion & Absorption (except process) Flashcards
Arrangement when tooth is embedded in sockets
Thecodont
Two sets of teeth during a lifetime
Diphyodont
Four different types of teeth
Heterodont
Arrangement of teeth in each ½ of the upper and lower jaw in adult humans
2123/2123 in the order of I,C,PM,M.
Tongue is attached to the floor of buccal cavity by
Lingual frenulum
Tongue has small projections called
Papillae.
*Some of them bear taste buds.
Cartilaginous flap that prevents the entry of food into the wind pipe is
Epiglottis.
Glottis is the opening of
Wind pipe.
_______ regulates the opening of oesophagus into the stomach.
Gastro oesophageal sphincter
Regions of small intestine are best described as:
C-shaped =
Long coiled middle portion =
Highly coiled =
C-shaped=duodenum
Long coiled middle portion = jejunum
Highly coiled = ileum
Opening of stomach into duodenum is guarded by
Pyloric sphincter
______ is a small blind sac that hosts some symbiotic micro-organisms.
Coecum.
Narrow finger like tubular projection that arises from caecum is
Vermiform appendix, vestigial organ.
Layers of wall of alimentary canal from outside to in is
Serosa -muscularis -sub mucosa -mucosa
Serosa is
Outermost layer m/o thin mesothelium ( epithelium of visceral organs) with some connective tissue.
Muscularis is
Formed by smooth muscles- usually inner circular and outer longitudinal
Sub-mucosal layer is formed of
Loose connective tissue containing nerves, blood and lymph vessels.
Duodenal glands are present in ______ layer of alimentary canal wall.
Sub-mucosa.
Innermost layer that lines the lumen of alimentary canal is
Mucosa
Mucosa forms:
1) Rugae (irregular folds) in stomach
2) Villi (Small finger like foldings) in small intestine
3) Both
4) None
Both.
Mucosa also forms gastric glands and crypts of lieberkuhn.
Goblet cells are found in which layer of the alimentary canal
Mucosa
Lacteal is
Large lymph vessel present in villi.
* help in absorption of fats.
Select the wrong one:
1) Parotids - cheek
2) Sub-maxillary/sub-mandibular - lower jaw
3) Sub-linguals - below the tongue
4) Infra orbitals - not in man; found in cats and dogs.
All are correct.
Parotids = stensons duct
Sub-mandibular = whartins duct
Sub-lingual = duct of rivinus
Are these correctly matched? If not,give the correct duct for each of these.
All are correct... i.e., Parotids = stensons duct Sub-mandibular = whartins duct Sub-lingual = duct of rivinus Pnemonic: Plz See My Wife she’s Lovely and; Respectable.
Name some minor salivary glands and their secretions?
1) Goblet cells - produce mucus.
2) Nuhn cels - produce saliva (that has no amylase)
3) # Ebners cells - produce saliva that has salivary lipase.
Which hormone assists in chemical regulation of saliva?
Kalkarin/kaladin.
Its a hormone secreted by blood vessels walls that are around salivary glands.
_________ are the structural and functional units of liver conatining ______cells arranged in the form of cords.
Hepatic lobules are the str. and func. units of liver containing hepatic cells arranged in the form of cords.
Duct of gall bladder is
Cystic duct.
Bile is stored and concentrated 10 times in
Gall bladder.
____and____ from the common bile duct.
Cystic duct and hepatic duct.
_____ and _____ form the hepato-pancreatic duct.
Bile duct and the pancreatic duct.
Hepato-pancreatic duct is guarded by
Sphincter of oddi.
Name the main and accessory duct of pancreas
Duct of wirsung (main)
Duct of santorini (accessory)
_________ regulates the opening of common bile duct.
Sphincter of boyden.
Hepato pancreatic duct is also called
Ampula of vater.
Common bile duct is also k/a
Ductus cholidocus.
Exocrine part of pancreas secrete
Alkaline pancreatic juice containing enzymes.
Endocrine part of pancreas secrete
Hormones_insulin and glucagon.
Mucus in saliva helps in
Lubricating and adhering masticated food particles into a bolus.
Why is the composition of Saliva ?
Saliva secreted into the oral cavity contains electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3-) and enzymes, salivary amylase and lysozyme.
The chemical process of digestion is initiated in
the oral cavity by hydrolytic action of carbohydrate splitting enzyme, the salivary amylase.
___% starch is hydrolysed in buccal cavity.
30%
Salivary amylase works in a pH of
6.8
Lysozyme present in saliva is
Antibacterial agent that prevents infection.
Name the major types of cells of gastric glands along with their secretion ?
▪️Mucus neck cells- secrete mucus
▪️Peptic/chief cells- secrete pro enzyme pepsinogen.
▪️Parietal/oxyntic cells- secrete HCl and CIF(castles intrinsic factor) that’s required for absorption of vit. B12
Food remains in stomach for
4-5hrs
Gastric juice contains
Pepsinogen Mucus and bicarbonates Rennin HCl CIF (castles intrinsic factor) Small amount of lipase.
Mucus and bicarbonates present in gastric juice play role in
Lubrication and protection of the mucosal epithelium from excoriation by the highly conc. HCl
Rennin is a
Proteolytic enzyme found in gastric juice of infants which helps in the digestion of milk proteins
Pancreatic juice contains
Trypsinogen Chymotrypsinogen Procarboxypeptidases Amylases Lipases Nucleases
Trypsinogen is activated into trypsin by an enzyme ________ which is secreted by _______.
Trypsinogen is activated by an enzyme ‘enterokinase’ secrete by ‘intestinal mucosa’ , into active trypsin which in turn activates the other enzymes in the pancreatic juice.
Bile contains
Bile pigments= bilirubin, bili-verdin Bile salts Cholesterol Phospholipids But NO ENZYMES.
Secretions of goblet cells constitute
The intestinal juice/succus enterricus
Intestinal juice contains
Variety of disaccharides (e.g. Maltase)
Dipeptides
Lipases
Nucleosidases
_________ protects the intestinal mucosa from acid as well as provide an alkaline medium (7.8) for enzymatic activity
Mucus and bicarbonates from pancreas.
* sub-mucosal glands/Brunners glands also help in this.
No significant digestion occurs in large intestine.
T/F
True.
Activities of gastro-intestinal tract are under neural and hormonal regulation for proper co-ordination of different parts.
(T/F)
True.
Give the gross calorific values of
a) carbohydrates
b) proteins
c) fats
a) carbohydrates = 4.1 kcal/g
b) proteins = 5.65 kcal/g
c) fats = 9.45 kcal/g
Give the physiologic calorific values of
a) carbohydrates
b) proteins
c) fats
a) carbohydrates = 4 kcal/g
b) proteins = 4 kcal/g
c) fats = 9 kcal/g
______,______,_____ are absorbed by simple diffusion.
Small amounts of monosaccharides like glucose, aminoacids and some electrolytes like Cl- ion
_____ and _____ are absorbed withe help of carrier proteins.
Glucose and aminoacids.
Fatty acids and glycerol are absorbed by
Lymph vessels called lacteals.
How are fats absorbed?
Fats cant be directly absorbed into the blood stream. They’re first incorporated into small droplets called ‘micelles’ which move into the intestinal mucosa. They’re re-formed into very small protein coated fat globules called ‘chylomicron’ which are transported into lacteal in the villi that ultimately release the absorbed substances into the blood stream.
Miscelles are formed in ______ and have the covering of ________.
Formed in intestinal lumen
Have a covering of bile salts.
Chylomicron is formed in ______ and has a covering of ________.
Formed in enterrocyte.
Covering of protein.
____ and _____ give characteristic smell to urine.
Indole and sketole.
____ gives colour to urine.
Urochrome
______ gives colour to faecal matter.
Stercobillin.
