Biomolecules Flashcards
What are bio molecules?
Molecules involved in biochemical reactions (bcr’s) and must have carbon as the central atom.
Water is not a biomolecule.
T/F
True
Is CaCO3 a biomolecule?
No.
Bcz it doesn’t take part in biochemical reactions
What are bio macro molecules?
Molecules with molecular weight more than 800 Da. Polymers like starch,proteins, nucleic acid, fats. # found in retanate (acid insoluble pool)
What are bio micro molecules?
Molecules with molecular weight around 8-800 Da. Monomers like monosaccharides-glucose, amino acids, nucleotides. # filtrate (acid soluble pool) contains bio micro molecules
____ is not characteristically a true macromolecule.
Fat.
Bcz its molecular weight is less than 800 Da but due to clubbing action of fats they form a fat droplet (mol.wt = >800 Da).
What are carbohydrates?
◾️Polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones.
◾️Hydrides of carbon.
Monosaccharides cannot be further hydrolysed.
T/F
True.
Though they can be broken down.
**Monosaccharides are single sugars/monomers.
Oligosaccharides upon hydrolysis yield ___sugar units.
2-9
Polysaccharides upon hydrolysis yield ______ sugar units.
More than 9.
What is chirol carbon?
C* or chirol carbon is a carbon attached to 4 different groups. # it is necessary for any type of isomerism.
Name the only sugar that is both steriochemically as well as optically inactive.
Dihydroxy acetone (DHA). * bcz it has no chirol carbon.
No. Of sterio-isomers is given by
2^n
Where n is the no. Of chiral carbon.
# 50% of isomers ‘ll b L-isomers rest ½ will b D-isomers.
position of hydroxyl group is twrds right=_____
Position of hydroxyl group is twrds left= _____
Right=dextro isomer
Left=levo isomer
Name an : Aldotriose Aldotetrose Ketotriose Ketotetrose
Aldotriose = glyceral dehyde Aldotetrose = erythrose Ketotriose = dihydroxy acetone(DHA) Ketotetrose = erythrolose
Enentiomers are
Non-superimposible mirror images.
What is refrence carbon or penultimate carbon?
Chiral carbon that is farthest from the functional group i.e second last carbon.
Sterio-isomers that vary only at one chiral carbon are k/a ______.
Epimers.
Which of these are epimers: 1️⃣Glucose & galactose at 4 2️⃣Glucose & manose at 2 3️⃣Galactose & manose at 2 4️⃣Galactose & manose at 4
Glucose & galactose are epimers at 4.
Glucose & mankse are epimers at 2.
But,
Glu & manose are non-epimers, because they vary at 2 & 4.
Glucose in ring form is called
Pyronose. ## Ring is formed b/w C-1 and C-5.
No. Of isomers of glucose & glucopyronose are ___&___ respectively.
1) 32,8
2) 8,16
3) 16,32
4) 16,16
3) 16 in glucose & 32 in glucopyronose.
What are primary metabolites?
Organic compounds that are produced by living organisms and are required for their basic or primary metabolic processes are c/d primary metabolites.
Like aminoacids, chlorophylls, haems etc.
What are secondary metabolites?
Many plants,fungi and microbes of certain genera and families synthesise a number of organic compounds that are not involved in the primary metabolism are k/a secondary metabolites.
E.g, carotenoids (pigments), codiene (alkaloid), toxins,drugs,lectins etc
Name some secondary metabolites as:
1) pigments
2) alkaloids
3) terpenoides
4) essential oils
5) toxins
6) lectins
7) drugs
8) polymeric substances
1) pigments : carotenoids, anthocyanins
2) alkaloids : morphine, codiene
3) terpenoides : mono terpenes,diterpenes
4) essential oils :lemon grass oil
5) toxins : abrin, ricin
6) lectins : concanavalin A
7) drugs : vinblastin, curcumin
8) polymeric substances : rubber, gums, cellulose.
Name a secondary metabolite that is a pigment?
Carotenoids
Anthocyanins
Name a secondary metabolite that is an alkaloid?
Morphine
Codiene
Name a secondary metabolite that is a terpenoid?
Monterpenes
Diterpenes
Name a secondary metabolite that is an essential oil?
Lemon grass oil
Name a secondary metabolite that is a toxin?
Abrin
Ricin
Name a secondary metabolite that is a lectin?
Concanavalin A
Name a secondary metabolite that is a drug?
Vinblastin
Curcumin
Name a secondary metabolite that is a polymeric substance?
Rubber
Gums
Cellulose
Name the element that is abundant in human body? Also give its %age.
Oxygen _ 65.0% in human body
* 46.6% in earth’s crust
______ is the most abundant chemical in living organisms.
Water 💦 _70-90% of total cellular mass is water.
What are reducing sugars?
Reducing Sugars are the ones that can loose electrons or the ones that can reduce Cu2+ ions into Cu+ ions.
- all monosaccharides are reducing.
- all sugars that have free carbonyl carbon.
- amongst disaccharides sucrose (glu+fru) is non-reducing.
What is Benedicts reagent/Fehlings reagent?
Alkaline solution of CuSo4.
Used to determine diabetes as change in its colour indicates the presence of glucose.
Name some disaccharides that are reducing?
Lactose
Maltose
# sucrose is non-reducing
Name the disaccharides found in hemolymph of insects?
Sucrose,maltose,lactose,trehalose.
Name few categories along-with examples of derived monosaccharides?
1) de-oxy sugar = deoxyribose
2) amino sugar =glucose amine
3) sugar acid = glucoronic acid, ascorbic acid
4) sugar alcohol = mannitol
Name few homo-polysaccharides?
Glycogen Starch Cellulose Inulin Chitin
Name few hetero-polysaccharides?
Peptidoglycan
Hyaluronic acid
Glycogen is a branched structure with ______linkage at unbranched part and ______ linkage at branching points.
α 1→4 linkage at unbranched points and α 1 →6 linkage at branching points
Glycogen gives _____colour while starch gives_____ colour with iodine.
Glycogen gives ‘red’ colour while starch gives ‘blue’ colour with iodine.
Starch is a helical secondary structure.
T/F
True.
Glucose molecules folds in the form of helix.
Cellulose is an unbranched polymer of ________.
Glucose.
* cellulose is composed of ß-glucose.
Inulin is a polymer of ______.
Fructose. # its a storage polysaccharide in roots and tubers of dahlia. # not metabolised in humans and is readily filtered through kidneys, therefore used in testing of kidney function.
________ is the second most abundant organic substance.
Chitin.
Chitin is made of
Nitrogen containing glucose derivative k/a N-acetyl glucosamine .
Chitin is found in
Exoskeleton of arthropods
Peptidoglycan, a hetero-polysaccharide is m/o
Two alternate amino-sugar molecules i.e N-acetyl glucosamine and N-acetyl muramic acid.
Hyaluronic acid is a polymer of
D-glucoronic acid (a carboxylic acid) and D-N-acetyl glucosamine (a monosaccharide derivative of glucose).
Toughness and flexibility of cartilage and tendons arise due to presence of ___________ hetero-polysaccharide.
Hyaluronic acid.
Amylose is a linear polymer of
α-D-Glucose units linked in α 1→4 linkage. # has a reducing end and a non-reducing end.
Amylopectin is a branched polymer of
α-D-Glucose units linked in α 1→4 and α 1→6 linkages. # has multiple non-reducing ends and a reducing end.
Branching in amylopectin is after every ___ glucose residues.
25
In amylose each helical turn has ___ glucose units/residues.
6
_________ are the sites of action of amylases.
a) Reducing ends
b) Non-reducing ends
b) non-reducing ends are the sites of action of amylases.
So, amylopectin will be digested faster than amylose since it has more non-reducing ends.
On digestion __________ will give maltose while _________ will give isomaltose. (Amylose/ amylopectin/both)
On digestion “both amylose and amylopectin” will give ‘maltose’ as both have α1→4 linkage but only “amylopectin” will give ‘isomaltose’ as it has α1→6 linkage at branching points.
In glycogen branch points are after every ___glucose residues.
8-12.
This means it has more no. Of non-reducing ends compared to amylopectin so it’ll be digested faster than that.
______ is the most abundant biomolecule in the biosphere.
Cellulose
