Body Fluids And Circulation (notes)

Question 1

In pulmonary circulation, blood moves from

Answer 1

Heart(right ventricle) to lungs (oxygenation) to heart(left atrium).

Question 2

In systemic circulation, blood moves from

Answer 2

Heart(left ventricle) to body parts to heart(right atrium).

Question 3

Embryonic. Post birth
Foramen of ovale. ___________
Ductus artrioses. ___________
Ductus venosus. ___________

Answer 3

Foramen of ovale Fossa ovalis
Ductus artriosus. Ligamentous arteriosus
Ductus venosus. Ligamentous venosus

Question 4

In foetal circulation site of oxygenation is

Answer 4

Placenta of mother not lungs.

Question 5

First sound of heart is heard for _____sec.

Answer 5

Lubb is heard for 0.15s
It is low pitched but for greater duration.
Due to closure of AV valves.

Question 6

Second sound of heart lasts for

Answer 6

Dup lasts for 0.10s
High pitched but for lesser duration.
Due to closure of semilunar valves.

Question 7

What is cardiac output

Answer 7

Volume of blood that leaves the ventricles per minute.
Cardiac output = stroke volume * no. of beats/min
Under resting conditions it is 5L.
Under strenuous conditions it can go upto 15L I.e 3 times the normal.

Question 8

Lubb is heard at the

Answer 8

Beginning of ventricular systole.

Question 9

Dup is heard at the

Answer 9

End of ventricular systole.

Question 10

Act of listening heart sounds is called

Answer 10

Auscultation.

Stethoscope is used for this purpose.

Question 11

What is pulse pressure

Answer 11

Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure.

120-80=40mmHg

Question 12

Atrial systole causes ___% filling of ventricles.

Answer 12

30%.

By the end of atrial systole, ventricles are 100% filled.

Question 13

What is atherosclerosis

Answer 13

Deposition of fat or cholesterol within the walls of blood vessels that leads to narrowing of blood vessels, causes diminished blood flow to heart.
During sternous conditions blood is not able to meet oxygen demand, causes pain c/d Ischemia cardia.

Question 14

Heart attack/myocardial infarction is

Answer 14

When the heart tissues get damage and die due to reduced blood supply or oxygen.

Question 15

Coronary thrombosis is

Answer 15

When the coronary artery gets blocked due to accumulation of thrombus or blood plaque/clot.
Can be diagnosed through angiography and also by ECG.
Thrombolytic agents(digest blood clot) are introduced thru cathetor for treatment. Like.,glycerol, streptokinase, tpa (tissue plasminogen activator).

Question 16

What is Angina pectoris?

Answer 16

Chest pain that radiates down the underside of left arm towards little finger.
Symptom of heart attack/myocardial infarction.

Question 17

ECG findings for heart attack

Answer 17

Q-inversion.
Elevated ST segment
Flat T wave or T-inversion.

Question 18

What is heart failure

Answer 18

When heart is not able to pump blood efficiently.

Maybe due to decreased blood pressure, anomalies in wall of heart, cardiomagaly (enlarged size of left ventricle).

Question 19

Cardiac arrest is when

Answer 19

Heart stops working I.e fibrillation.

Under such conditions we provide defibrillation via defibrillator.

Question 20

An abnormal sound other than lub or dup is called

Answer 20

Cardiac murmur.

Could result due to abnormal closure of valves.

Question 21

Artificial pace maker (chardak device) is used when

Answer 21

Patient has abnormally low pulse I,e less no. of beats per min…less than 55/min.
It stimulates SAN and provides stimulus to initiate heart beat.

Question 22

What is CPR & when is it used?

Answer 22

Cardio pulmonary resuscitations is first aid that can be given to patient who has undergone or undergoing heart attack.

Question 23

Frequent loss of consciousness is called

Answer 23

Syncope.