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Nutrition > digestion, absorption, and transport > Flashcards

digestion, absorption, and transport Flashcards

1
Q

Digestion

A

Process that breaks down food into individual molecules small enough to be absorbed through the intestinal wall

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2
Q

Absorption

A

Process of moving nutrients from GI tract —> circulatory system

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3
Q

Elimination

A

Excretion of undigested and unabsorbed food through feces

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4
Q

GI Tract

A

Tubular organ system which digests food, absorbs nutrients, and expels waste
20-24 ft long
Provides barrier between food within lumen and our body’s cells

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5
Q

6 organs of GI tract

A 
Mouth
Pharynx 
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intesine
Large intestine
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6
Q

Propulsion

A

Process that moves food along GI tract during digestion

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7
Q

Sphincters

A

Muscular rings along GI tract that allow foods to flow into next organ (but not flow back)

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8
Q

Chemical digestion

A

Food breakdown through enzymatic reactions

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9
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

Food breakdown by chewing, grinding, squeezing, and moving through GI tract

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10
Q

Mastication

A

Chewing food

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11
Q

Chemical digestion and mechanical digestion both begin in the _____

A

Mouth

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12
Q

Digestion in the mouth

A

Mastication cuts/grinds food into small pieces while the tongue mixes it with saliva that dissolves the pieces
Once food is adequatey chewed/moistened, tongue rolls it into bolus and pushes it into pharynx to be swallowed

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13
Q

Saliva

A

Secretion from salivary glands that softens and lubricates food and begins chemical breakdown of starch

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14
Q

Epiglottis covers ____ in swallowing

A

Trachea

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15
Q

Esophagus digestive function

A

Transports foods/fluids from mouthto stomach

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16
Q

Upper esophageal sphincter

A

Moves bolus from pharynx to esophagus

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17
Q

Lower esophageal sphincter

A

Moves bolus from esophagus to stomach

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18
Q

Stomach digestion

A

Stomach stores, mixes, and prepares foods for digestion
Mixes food with gastric juices to chemically break it down
Muscles of stomach push/churn/mix contents of stomach with gastric juices

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19
Q

How many layers of stomach lining are there

A

4

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20
Q

Innermost layer of stomach lining contains

A

Goblet cells and gastric pits, which secrete digestive juices

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21
Q

Parietal cells, chief cells, and mucus neck cells are located in the _____; they secrete ______

A

Stomach lining; gastric juices and mucus

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22
Q

Chyme

A

Semiliquid, partially digested food mass that leaves stomach and enters small intestine at pyloric sphincter

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23
Q

When does food mixture become chyme

A

Once it reaches lower part of stomach

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24
Q

Most digestion occurs in the _______

A

Small intestine

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25
Q

3 segments of small intestine (and length)

A

Duodenum (10in), jejunum (8ft), ileum (12ft)

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26
Q

Sphincter that enters small intestine; sphincter that exits small intestine

A

Pyloric sphincter; ileocecal valve

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27
Q

Mechanical digestion in SI

A

Muscle contractions

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28
Q

Chemical digestion in SI

A

Digestibe secretions from pancreas, gallbladder, and intestinal lining chemically break down nutrients

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29
Q

Villi

A

Small projections that line intestinal walls
Increase surface area, maximize absorption, and help mix everything
Each villi contains capillaries and lymphatic vessles (lacteals) that pick up digested nutrients in absorption

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30
Q

How are villi arranged

A

In circular folds to push chyme forward

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31
Q

Enterocytes

A

Epithelial cells that cover villi; contain microvilli

Secrete enzymes

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32
Q

Enterocytes/microvilli function

A

Microvilli trap nutriente and absorb them

Nutrients then enter blood or lymphatic vessels

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33
Q

What do goblet cells secrete

A

Lubricating mucus into intestine

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34
Q

What do crypts between villi secrete?

A

Intestinal juices

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35
Q

What happens to villi if not given propr nutrition

A

They deteriorate and flatten, leading to malabsorption

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36
Q

How lomg does food stay in small intestine

A

3-10 hours

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37
Q

What doew the large intestine absorb

A

Water and some nutrients

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38
Q

3 segments of large intestine

A

Cecum
Colon
Rectum

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39
Q

Largest portion of large intestine

A

Colon

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40
Q

4 segments of colon

A

Ascending
Transverse
Descending
Sigmoid

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41
Q

Which intestine absorbs more nutrients? Which absorbs nutrients more efficiently?

A

Small; large

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42
Q

GI flora

A

Helpful bacteria that follnize the colon
Produce vitamins
Ferment some undigested and unabsorbed dietary carbs

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43
Q

Probiotics

A

Live microorganisms that, when consumed in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on host

Help restore GI flora # if altered by stressors

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44
Q

Prebiotics

A

Nondigestible starch found in plant foods that promotes the growth and health of GI flora

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45
Q

Synbiotics

A

Processed foods and supplements that contain probiotics and prebiotics

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46
Q

Where to find probiotics

A

Fermented dairy and soy products

Dietary supplements

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47
Q

What is stool made of

A

Undigested food residue, dead cells of GI tract, and bacteria

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48
Q

What causes darker stool color

A

Increased Iron concentration

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49
Q

Accessory organs of digestion

A

Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
They secrete digestive juices, but food does not pass thru them
Help with breakdown and transport of nutrients

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50
Q

Components of saliva

A

Water
Electrolytes
Enzymes (incl salivary amylase and lysozyme)
Mucus

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51
Q

Liver digestion role

A 
Essential role in carb metabolism
produces proteins
manufactures bile salts
metabolizes alcohol
Degrades toxins and excess hormones
52
Q

Bile is produced by ____; stored in ______

A

Liver; gallbladder

53
Q

Gallbladder role in digestion

A

Receives bile through hepatic duct (from liver), concentrates it, secretes it into small intestine through common bile duct

54
Q

Duct that sends bile into gallbladder; Duct that sends bile out of gallbladder

A

Hepatic duct; common bile duct

55
Q

Endocrine function of pancreas

A

Releases hormones that regulate blood glucose levels into bloodstream

56
Q

Exocrine function of pancreas

A

Produces and secretes digestive enzymes through pancreatic duct into small intestine

57
Q

Peristalsis

A

Forward, rhythmic muscular contractions that move food through the GI tract
Beguns in esophagus
Slower in stomach

58
Q

Why is peristalsis slower in stomach

A

Peristalsis is mixing and churning the stomach contents with gastric juices until it is liquified

59
Q

Segmentation

A

Muscular contractions of small intestine that move food back and forth, breaking the mixture into smaller pieces and combining it wjth digestive juices

60
Q

Second form of mechanical digestion

A

Segmentation

61
Q

When food is shifted, rather than squeezed, what is this called

A

Segmentation

62
Q

Mass movement peristalsis

A

Strong, slow peristaltic movements occuring only 3-4 times per day within colon
Forces waste toward colon

63
Q

What makes mass movement peristalsis stronger

A

High fiber diet

64
Q

Enzymes

A

Substances, mostly proteins, that increase rate of chemical reactions
They accelerate hydrolysis
Unchanged in reactions

65
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Chemical reaction that breaks bond between 2 molecules with H2O

66
Q

3 conditions for enzymes to catalyze hydrolysis

A
  1. Compatible enzyme and nutrient must both be present
  2. The pH of environment must fall within appropriate range
  3. Temperature of the environment must fall within appropriate range
67
Q

T/F each enzyme is only compatible with one specific substrate

A

True

68
Q

Where are digestive enzymes secreted

A

All along GI tract

69
Q

Where are most digestive enzymes produced

A

Pancreas

70
Q

Enzymes with the term amylase are involved in

A

Carb digestion

71
Q

Enzymes with the term lipase are involved in

A

Lipid digestion

72
Q

Enzymes that are activated from an inactive “ogen” form are involved in

A

Protein digestion

73
Q

Enzyme secreted by salivary glands

A

Salivary amylase

74
Q

Enzymes secreted by stomach

A

Pepsinogen —> pepsin

Gastric lipase

75
Q

Enzymes secreted by pancreas

A 
Pancreatic amylase
Trypsinogen —> trypsin
Chymotrypsinogen —> chymotrypsin
Procarbixypeptidase —> carboxypeptidase
Pancreatic lipase
76
Q

Enzymes secreted by small intestine

A 
Sucrase
Maltase
Lactase
Dipeptidase
Tripeptidase
Lipase
77
Q

Saliva pathway and action

A

Secreted by salivary glands into mouth

Moistens food, eases swallowing; contains salivary amylase

78
Q

HCl pathway and action

A

Secreted by parietal cells into stomach

Denatures proteins, activates pepsinogen

79
Q

Intrinsic Factor pathway and action

A

Secreted by parietal cells into stomach

Needed for vitamin B12 absorption

80
Q

Mucus pathway and action

A

Secreted throughout GI tract

Lubricates and coats internal mucosa to protect it from chemical or mechanical damage

81
Q

Intestinal Juice pathway and action

A

Secreted by crypts into small intestine

Contains enzymes that digest macronutrients

82
Q

Bile pathway and action

A

Secreted by liver into gallbladder for storage, released from gallbladder into small intestine via common bile duct
Emulsifies large globules of lipid into smaller droplets

83
Q

Bicarbonate ions pathway and action

A

Secreted by pancreas through pancreatic duct into small intestine
Raises pH and neutralize stomach acid

84
Q

When food enters stomach, parietal cells produce:

A

HCl and intrinsic factor

85
Q

Functions of HCl in digestion

A

Lower pH of gastric juice, denaturing proteins

Activate proteins and enhance absorption of certain minerals

86
Q

Chief cells release:

A

Pepsinogen and gastric lipase

87
Q

Goblet cells in stomach produce:

A

Mucus

To protect stomach lining from damage

88
Q

Bile components

A

Water, bile salts, bile pigments, fat, and cholesterol

89
Q

Why does bile emulsify fats

A

It increases the surface area of fat globule so it is more accessible by pancreatic lipase

90
Q

Bicarbonate

A

Negatively charged alkali ion produced from bicarbonate salts and secreted by pancreas
Neutralizes HCl in duodenum during digestion to protect small intestine and facilitate enzyme activity

91
Q

Nutrients that need more time to be disassembled are mainly absorbed in which part of small intestine

A

Jejunum

92
Q

Intestinal permeability (leaky gut syndrome)

A

Condition in which junctions between enterocytes allow large molecules to enter bloodstream
Decreases ability of GI tract to regulate absorption of nutrients

93
Q

4 mechanisms of nutrient absorption

A

Passive diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport
Endocytosis

94
Q

passive diffusion

A

movement of substances across cell membrane along their concentration gradient
no carrier no energy

95
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

movement of substances across cell membrane with help of carrier protein, along their concentration gradient
yes carrier, no energy

96
Q

active transport

A

movement of substance across cell membrane against their concentration gradient with help of carrier protein and energy expenditure
yes energy, yes carriers

97
Q

endocytosis

A

type of active transport in which cell membrane forms an indentation, engulfs the substance to be absorbed, and releases it into interior of the cell
when molecules are too big for passive or active transport
allows whole proteins to be absorbed intact

98
Q

what absorption occurs in large intestine

A

absorbs H2O and certain minerals (mainly Na)

99
Q

how is H2O absorbed in lg intestine

A

passive diffusion

100
Q

how is Na absorbed in lg intestine

A

active transport

101
Q

enteric nervous system

A

section of peripheral nervous system that directly controls GI system

102
Q

enterogastrones

A

group of GI tract hormones, produced in stomach and intestines, that control gastric motility and secretions
incl gastrin, secretin, CCK, GIP

103
Q

what hormone is released when protein passes through LES

A

gastrin

104
Q

what hormone is released when acidic passes through pyloric sphincter

A

secretin

105
Q

what hormone is released when partially digested protein/fat passes through GI tract

A

CCK

106
Q

what hormone is released when fatty acids/glucose passes through GI tract

A

GIP

107
Q

ghrelin

A

hormone produced in stomach that stimulates hunger

released from gastric cells when stomach is empty; travels to brain

108
Q

peptide YY

A

hormone produced in small intestine that reduces hunger

released by cells in ileum/colon; travels to brain

109
Q

how are H2O soluble nutrients absorbed

A

they are absorbed into enterocytes, cross into capillaries, and travel to liver via hepatic portal vein
liver further breaks them down and repackages before releasing into blood
blood leaves liver toward heart

110
Q

how are fat soluble nutrients absorbed

A

lacteals in villi of enterocytes collect fat-soluble vitamins, long chain fatty acids, and some large proteins
nutrients are transported from lymph capillaries to lymphatic vessels o thoracic duct to subclavian vein

111
Q

lymphatic system

A

complex network of capillaries, small vessels, valves, nodes, and ducts that transport fat-soluble nutrients through the body

112
Q

GERD

A

chronic condition characterized by backward flow of stomach contents into esophagus
results in heartburn
due to weak lower esophageal sphincter

113
Q

in what types of individuals is esophageal cancer typically found

A

typically found in >50 y/o males in urban areas with history of heavy smoking and alcohol intake

114
Q

gastroenteritis

A

inflammation of lining of stomach and intestines (stomach flu)
mainly caused by norovirus

115
Q

ulcer

A

sore/erosion of stomach or intestinal lining

burning pain is most common symptom

116
Q

bacteria involved in ulcers

A

helicobacter pylori

117
Q

what can worsen or cause ulcers

A

NSAIDs
nicotine
excess alcohol and stress

118
Q

gallstones

A

stones formed from cholesterol in gallbladder or bile duct

119
Q

celiac disease

A

genetic autoimmune disease in which hyperimmune response damages villi of small intestines when gluten is consumed

120
Q

classic symptoms of celiac disorder

A 
abdominal bloating
cramping
diarrhea, gas, smelly stool
weight loss
anemia
fatigue
bone and joint pain
skin rash
121
Q

how to diagnose celiac disease

A

blood test measuring gluten-reactive T cells

if positive, additionally do tissue biopsy of small intestine

122
Q

non-celiac gluten sensitivity

A

reaction to eating foods with gluten when celiac disease has been ruled out; symptoms vary

123
Q

irritable bowel syndrome

A

intestinal disorder resulting in abdominal discomfort, pain, diarrhea, constipation, and bloating
cause unknown

124
Q

inflammatory bowel disease

A

chronic inflammation throughout the GI tract; results in diarrhea
incl ulcerative colitis and crohns disease

125
Q

ulcerative colitis

A

chronic inflammation of colon that results in ulcers forming in lining of cololn

126
Q

crohns disease

A

form of ulcerative colitis in which ulcers form throughout GI tract (not just in colon)

127
Q

what is looked for in colonoscopy?

A

colon polyps; these can lead to colon cancer

Nutrition (6 decks)

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