Digestion

Question 1

What is the three main food groups that provides the body with energy?

Answer 1

Carbohydrate (sugars, starches), protein (meat, tofu), fats (lipids, oil)

Question 2

Monosaccharide

Answer 2

A single sugar molecule that makes it easy for digestion and to be absorbed into blood. (ex. glucose, fructose)

Question 3

Disaccharide

Answer 3

A sugar molecule that needs to be broken into two monosaccharides for digestion and to be absorbed into blood. (ex. sucrose, lactose)

Question 4

Polysaccharide

Answer 4

A sugar molecule that needs to be broken into three or more monosaccharides for digestion an to be absorbed into blood. (ex. starches)

Question 5

What type of food is saccharides found in?

Answer 5

Sugars (glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose) and starches

Question 6

What food group does saccharides belong to?

Answer 6

Carbohydrates

Question 7

What is the importance of glucose, starch, and cellulose (fiber) to the human body?

Answer 7

.-Cellulose helps the movement through the intestines since it can not be broken down which means it is a proper need for digestion.

• The importance of starch is to break down into glucose to provide energy to the body.
• Glucose provides energy to brain and cells through out the body. The energy for the cells helps the cells carry out nerve cell conduction, muscle cell contraction, active transport and the production of chemical substances.

Question 8

What is the ending letters of sugars?

Answer 8

ose

Question 9

What is the alternative name of fat?

Answer 9

Lipids

Question 10

Why could a fat also be called triglyceride?

Answer 10

Fat could be called a triglyceride because that is one of the molecules of fat.

Question 11

Diglyceride

Answer 11

A fat molecule (glycerol) that needs to be broken into two monoglycerides (fatty acids) for digestion. (ex. partially digested fat)

Question 12

Monoglyceride

Answer 12

A fat molecule (glycerol) that is easy to be digested as fatty acid. (ex. partially digested fat)

Question 13

What is the functions of fat in the human body?

Answer 13

.Fat is backup energy for when the body runs out of carbohydrates. Fat is used to absorb and store some types of vitamins. Stored fat cells in adipose tissue insulates body temperature to sustain normal core body temperature. Other stored fats surround vital organs and keep them protected from sudden movements or outside impacts.

Question 14

Explain how an enzyme works using terms: active site, substrate, enzyme-substrate complex, end products.

Answer 14

When an enzyme goes to break down a substrate using the active site, they stay together for a brief period of time. During this period of time the enzyme and the substrate would be an enzyme-substrate complex. After this a catabolic reaction occurs to the substrate. The end product is the broken down substrate. The enzyme is unchanged in reaction called a catalyst and this continues. ex) Using scissors as a metaphor of an enzyme and paper as a substrate. The active site would be the blades. The enzyme-substrate complex is the scissors about to cut the paper. The two pieces of paper is the end product.

Question 15

Definition of ANABOLIC (reaction).

Answer 15

Small to big

Question 16

Definition of CATABOLIC (reaction).

Answer 16

Big to small

Question 17

What is the function of digestion?

Answer 17

The function of digestion is turning food into energy needed to survive and packaging the residue for waste disposal.

Question 18

How does digestion tie to the function of the circulatory system in delivering nutrients to the cells of the body?

Answer 18

The circulatory system needs the digestive system to get nutrients into the blood for circulation.

Question 19

What vitamins and minerals function as in enzymatic reactions?

Answer 19

Vitamins can function as a extra part for a enzyme if needed called a co-enzyme. This would then allow an enzyme to continue reactions.

Question 20

Definition of MEGADOSING

Answer 20

A dose larger than normally mostly with vitamins and drugs

Question 21

Why is it safe to megadose with some vitamins, but is potentially lethal with others?

Answer 21

Some vitamins it doesn’t matter how much you take because what’s in it. Other vitamins have items in it that can be lethal with too much intake. Your body can’t handle lots of vitamin with specific ingredients.

Question 22

What is the purpose of digestion and digestive system?

Answer 22

The purpose of digestion is to breakdown food into nurtients. The digestive system takes broken down foods nutrients and deliever the nutrients to the blood through out the bloodstream.

Question 23

Alternative names from structures of the human digestive system.

Answer 23

Large intestine = colon

Small intestine = ilieum/jejunum

Throat = esophagus

Question 24

Structures of the human digestive system. Name 10

Answer 24

Top to bottom: salivary glands (a), pharynx (b), epiglottis(c), trachea (e), esophagus (d), cardiac sphincter (f), liver(j), stomach (g), gall bladder (k), pyloric sphincter (h), common bile duct (i), pancreatic duct (m), pancreas (n), duodenum (l), transverse colon (o), ascending colon (r), jejunum (p), descending colon (s), ileum (q), sigmoid colon (t), anal sphincters (w), rectum (u), anus (x).

Question 25

What is the purpose of the heart to pump blood containing digested food to all parts and cells of the body?

Answer 25

So all parts and cells can get nutrients and energy for them to work.

Question 26

Triglyceride

Answer 26

A fat molecule (glycerol) that needs to broken down into three or more monoglyceride (fatty acids) for digestion. (ex. fats, oils)

Question 27

Polypeptides

Answer 27

A protein molecule that is broken down into three or more amino acids. (ex. meats)

Question 28

Dipeptide

Answer 28

A protein acid that is broken down into two amino acids (ex. almost digested meat)

Question 29

Amino Acid

Answer 29

A single protein molecule which is easy to digest. (ex. phenylalanine)

Question 30

Monomer

Answer 30

A small molecules are combined with similar small molecules to form a larger molecule. (ex. monosaccharides to carbohydrates)

Question 31

Polymer

Answer 31

A large molecule/macromolecule that is many small units that are combined together

Question 32

Monomers of fat moleclue

Answer 32

Fatty acids and glycerol

Question 33

Monomers of protein

Answer 33

Amino acids

Question 34

What is the name of the band between monomers of protein?

Answer 34

Peptide bands or amide linkages

Question 35

What is the alternative name for a protein that uses the name of the bond that exists within a protein?

Answer 35

Polypeptide and dipeptide

Question 36

How does competitive inhibitor molecules act to reduce enzymatic reaction rates?

Answer 36

Inhibitor is a mechanism that turns off the enzyme. A competivtive inhibitor is a molcule like and acts like a substrate. This means fewer active sites for substrates which reduces the reaction rate.

Question 37

How can a cell temporarily alter its active site using a non-competitive inhibitor and then activate the enzyme by removing the non-competitive inhibitor?

Answer 37

Non-competitive inhibitors bind to the active site and reduces the activity but does not affect the binding of the substrate. Therefore, the extent of inhibition depends on the concentration of the substrate. The binds can be easliy removed by dilution or dialysis.

Question 38

What happens when pepsinogen gets converted to enzyme pepsin with the use of hydrochloric acid?

Answer 38

Hydrochloric acid converts pepsinogen to pepsin which then breaks down proteins into peptides. Hydrochloric acid maintains a pH level in the stomach of approximately 2.0. It also dissolves food and kills microorganisms.

Question 39

What does digestion do to food polymers?

Answer 39

Digestion breaks down the food polymers.

Question 40

What does food polymers get broken down down into?

Answer 40

Monomers