Digestion Flashcards by Amélie Fouché

Functions of the digestive system

Ingestion
Digestion
Propulsion
Secretion
Absorption
Elimination of wastes

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two categories of organs in the digestive system

digestive
accessory digestive organs

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Digestive organs

collectively make up the gastrointestinal tract
oesophagus, stomach, small and large intestines

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Accessory digestive organs

organs that secrete into the GI tract
teeth, tongue, salivary glands (parotid, sublingual, submandibular), liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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oral cavity contains

cheeks, lips, palate
tongue
salivary glands (parotid, sublingual, submandibular)
teeth

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main cheek muscle

Buccinator

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gums name

gingivae

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internal upper and lower lips attach to gingivae

midline mucosa fold; labial frenulum

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name the apex of the soft palate

Uvula

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opening of the oral cavity and oropharynx

fauces (throat)

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lateral boundary of the fauces

paired muscular folds
palatoglossal arch
palatopharyngeal arch

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function of the tongue

manipulate and mix ingested materials during mastication. compresses the partially digested materials into a bolus

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Bolus

globular mass of ingested materials that can be easily swallowed

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attaches the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity

thin, midline mucous membrane; lingual frenulum

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Gustation

sense of taste

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taste receptors

gustatory cells; housed in specialised organs called taste buds

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taste bud location

dorsal surface of the tongue, in elevated epithelial and CT called Papillae

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4 types of tongue papillae

Filiform Papillae
Fungiform Papillae
Vallate Papillae
Foliate Papillae

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purposes of saliva

moisten ingested material (becomes slick bolus)
moisten, cleanses, and lubricates the structures of the oral cavity
chemical digestion of ingested materials
antibacterial action
dissolves materials so that taste receptors on the tongue can be stimulated

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three pairs of salivary glands located external oral cavity

Parotid glands
sublingual glands
submandibular glands

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Parotid duct

25-30% saliva
largest salivary gland
runs parallel to the zygomatic arch and pierces the buccinator muscle just opposite the second molar
produces the most amylase

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sublingual duct

3-5% saliva
inferior to the tongue
each gland extends multiple tiny sublingual ducts that open onto the inferior surface of the oral cavity just to the submandibular duct papilla

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submandibular duct

60-70% saliva
resides inferior to the body of the mandible
transports saliva from each gland through a papilla in the floor of the mouth on the lateral sides of the lingual frenulum
mucin thickener

two types of secretory cells in salivary glands

mucous cells: secretes mucin, which forms mucus upon hydration
Serous cells: secrete watery fluid containing ions, lysozymes and salivary amylase

5 types of secretory cells of the gastric epithelium

Surface mucous cells Mucous neck cells Parietal cells Chief cells Enteroendocrine cells

What do Surface Mucous cells secrete

Mucin and create mucus

What do Mucous neck cells secrete

create acid mucin

What do Parietal cells secrete

Release HCl (absorb Vit B12)

What do Chief cells secrete

Release Pepsinogen

What do Enteroendocrine cells secrete

release hormone Gastrine into the blood cells around

Fill in the words: Along and at the base of the gastric___are the openings of gastric___that secrete products into the ___

pits, glands, stomach

What finishes the chemical digestion process and is responsible for absorbing most of the nutrients?

Small intestine

How long do ingested materials spend in the small intestine?

12 hours

About how long is the small intestine in an unembalmed cadaver?

6 metres (20 feet)

Why is the small intestine shorter in a living individual than a cadaver?

muscle tone

What are the three specific segments of the stomach? (proximal to distal) What are their lengths?

Duodenum (25cm) Jejunum (2.5m) ileum (3.6m)

Where is the duodenojejunal flexure located?

Small intestine between the duodenum and jejunum.

What shape is the duodenum?

C-shaped

In what quadrant would you find the duodenum?

Upper right quadrant

What joins the duodenum and jejunum?

duodenojejunal flexure (midline)

The major duodenal___is the side where ___ and ___ secretions enter the ___

papilla, bile, pancreatic, duodenum.

What is the Jejunum and what is its main function?

Middle segment of the small intestine. Primary region for chemical and nutrient absorption.

What is the ileum?

The last segment of the small intestine

Distal end of the ileum terminates at the___, a___ that controls the entry of materials into the ___

ileocecal valve, sphincter, large intestine

What is a feature of the ___ and ___ tunics that are thrown into folds called the circular folds?

mucosal, submucosal. Visible to the naked eye

What is the scientific name for the circular folds in the small intestine?

Plicae circularis

outer to inner layer, what is the histology of the small intestine? (first is serosa)

Serosa, Muscularis (Outer longitudinal layer, Inner circular layer), Submucosa, Mucosa, Pilcae circularis, villi, microvilli, Intestinal lumen

What are microvilli?

cytoplasmic projections of the individual cells/ extension of the columnar cells

What are villi?

folds of the mucosa

What do enteroendocrine cells do?

Secrete hormones

Spend some time studying the images

Yes mum

Name the small intestine structures involved in digestion and absorption

Circular folds, villi, microvilli, intestinal glands, submucosal glands

Describe the anatomy of microvilli

Folded, finger-like projections of plasma membrane on apical surface of columnar epithelial cells

Describe the anatomy of