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animal phys > digestion > Flashcards

digestion Flashcards

1
Q

Why do animals need food?

A

Energy (Metabolic fuel and heat), Growth (raw materials), and reproduction

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2
Q

major aspects of food are

A

Feeding, digestion, and nutrition

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3
Q

how much of the body is made up of water

A

60%

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3
Q

principal body components other than water

A

Proteins
– ~half of the organic matter of mammals
* Lipids
– Diverse, some are essential fatty acids
* Minerals
– Many are metalloproteins
* Nucleic Acids
* Carbohydrates
– Usually low in abundance, but more abundant
when play structural roles (cellulose)

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4
Q

How much energy is transferred to each trophic level

A

10% pass down to predators and 90% is used as heat

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5
Q

Mid- and Hindgut Fermeters

A
  • Midgut fermeters
    – Mostly fish (tilapia, carp, catfish)
  • Hindgut fermenters
    – Have enlarged colon or cecum
    – Rabbits, horses, rhinos, elephants, apes,
    rodents, birds, lizards, and turtles
  • Can absorb SCFA, but must re-ingest feces
    (coprophagia) to absorb vitamins and amino
    acids
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6
Q

Insects

A
  • Use proventriculus as a gizzard (grinding)
    – Malpighian tubules enter in midgut (excretory)
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7
Q

Crustaceans

A

-have hepatopancreas
– Sequesters toxins
– Stores lipids and glycogen
– Secretes digestive enzymes
– Digestion of food particles
– Absorption of nutrients

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8
Q

Bivalves

A
  • Rely on ciliary, not muscular contraction
    – Allows sorting of food particles by size
  • Crystalline style made up of amylases
    – Aid in digestion as it breaks down on shield
  • Digestive diverticula- blind-ended sacs
    – Food taken into cells where it is digested
  • Intracellular digestion
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9
Q

Wood eaters

A

Termites require protista and bacteria to digest
cellulose into usable acetic acid

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10
Q

Blood feeders

A

Symbiotic bacteria help digest blood and preserve it
during breakdown

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11
Q

Batch reactor

A

pulsed output, pulsed input, contents mixed, composition changes with time, occurs in the Hydra.

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12
Q

Continuous-flow stirred-tank reactor

A

continuous input, contents mixed, continuous output, composition unchanging with time at steady state, occurs in the ruminant forestomach.

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13
Q

plug-flow reactor

A

continuous input, axial gradient in composition, continuous output, composition uniform in cross-section at steady state, unchanging with time at any point along the reactor.

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14
Q

Foregut fermenters have a combination of continuous flow models

A

-continuous flow without mixing reactor devoted to enzymatic digestion
-continuous flow with mixing reactor devoted to microbial fermentation

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15
Q

Structure and function of the parts in the Vertebrate Alimentary Canal

A

ingestion occurs
headgut-receiving
Foregut-conducting storage digestion
midgut-digestion
hindgut-storage of waste

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16
Q

Muscle action

A
  • Smooth Muscle
    – Tonic
    • Sphinctors regulate passage
      – Gut Motility
    • Muscular contractions that move food
      forward along the digestive tract and serve
      to mix contents
17
Q

Gut motility

A

Two types of movements:
* Peristalsis- Propulsive movements propel
contents forward along the digestive tract
* Segmentation- Mixing movements mix food
with digestive enzymes and promote
absorption

18
Q

segmentation

A

segmental contractions are responsible for mixing, but there is no net forward movement

19
Q

Mouth

A
  • Ingestion
  • Teeth and Tongue
    – Mechanical Digestion
    – Form Bolus
  • Saliva
    – Moisten Food
    – Chemical Digestion
  • Amylase, Lipase (minor role)
20
Q

Oral cavity

A

§ Mouth
* Grinding of food into smaller pieces and mixing with saliva
§ Salivary glands
* Located outside oral cavity
* Saliva is 99.5% water, 0.5% electrolytes and proteins
* Saliva begins digestion of carbohydrates (amylase),
facilitates swallowing (mucous), has antibacterial properties
(lysozyme), solvent for molecules that stimulate taste buds,
facilitates speech (moistens oral cavity), maintains oral
hygiene

21
Q

Salivary secretion is a two-stage process

A

1) Acini (glandular portion)
* Produces a primary secretion similar to plasma
* Amylase, peroxidase, lysozyme, and mucin are
secreted
* Na + , Cl - , K + , water and some HCO 3- are added
to the saliva
2) Duct cells
* Reabsorb Na + and Cl - from primary saliva and
addition of HCO 3- and K +

22
Q

Formation of saliva

A

-acinar cells pump NaCl
into the acinar lumen and
water follows passively
-mucous cells secrete mucin
and serous cells secrete
enzymes (amylase, lysozyme)
-at the duct, NaCl is reabsorbed
and most of the bicarbonate
is produced

23
Q

Salivary proteins

A

§ Amylase- breaks down polysaccharides into
disaccharides (serous secretion)
§ Mucus- facilitates swallowing and provides
lubrication for food (mucous secretion)
§ Lysozyme- antibacterial function

24
Q

Regulation of salivary secretion

A

§ Continuous low level of salivary secretion due to
parasympathetic stimulation
§ Salivary secretion rate is enhanced by:
1) Unconditioned (simple) reflex pathway
2) Conditioned (acquired) reflex pathway
§ Both sympathetic and parasympathetic
(dominant) input to salivary glands enhance
secretion
§ Entirely under nervous control

25
Q

Regulation of Digestion

A
  • Involves neural & hormonal regulation
  • Cephalic Phase; “thought of food”
    – secretion of saliva/gastric/pancreatic
  • Gastric Phase- chyme in the stomach
    – Distension, short peptides, acidity
    – Gastrin – From G Cells
    – ̄ pH
26
Q

3 stomach layers

A

longitudinal layer, circular layer, oblique layer

27
Q

GI tract 4 layers

A

Serosa-mesentery
Muscle layers-circular muscle, longitudinal muscle, myenteric plexus
Submucosa-gland in submucosa, submucous plexus
Mucosa-gland in mucous membrane, villi, lymph node, muscularis mucosa, epithelium, lamina propria

28
Q

Stomach – Secretion and Digestion

A
  • Mucous (Goblet) cells: mucus, HCO 3-
  • Parietal cells: HCl (gastric acid),
    intrinsic factor
  • Chief cells: pepsinogen (protease) &
    gastric lipase
  • Enteroendocrine cells: Gastrin and
    other hormones
29
Q

Zymogen

A

inactive enzyme form

30
Q

Small Intestine

A
  • Folds of Kerckring
    (circular folds)
  • Villi
  • Crypts of Lieberkühn
  • Central Lacteal
31
Q

Absorption

A
  • Diffusion
    – Simple
    – Facilitated
  • Active
  • Endocytosis
32
Q

Pancreas

A
  • Exocrine & Endocrine Gland
  • Digestive enzymes
    – Many secreted as Zymogens
  • Trypsinogen ® Trypsin (by enterokinase)
  • Procarboxypeptidase ® Carboxypeptidase
  • Chymotripsinogen ® Chymotripsin
    – Amylases, lipases, nucleases
  • Regulatory Hormones
33
Q

Pancreatic Zymogens

A
  • Trypsinogen
  • Chymotrypsinogen
  • Procarboxypetidase
34
Q

Bile serves as
“detergent”

A
  • Biliverdin, Biliruben
  • Functions
    – Buffer, basic
    – Emulsify fats
    – Waste removal
    – Vitamin absorption
  • Reabsorbed by Liver
    Bile salts break down fat droplets
35
Q

Large Intestine

A

10,000 mills of fluid are absorbed, and most are coming back out in the small intestine.
* Storage
* Water Absorption
– Fluid intake
– Secretions
* Digestion
– Hindgut fermenters
* Waste Excretion

36
Q

parts in the Large Intestine

A
  • Haustra
    – Formed by teniae coli- smooth muscle
  • Blind sacs
    – cecum and appendix
  • Colon
  • Rectum, Anal Canal
37
Q

Basic Electrical Rhythm

A

stomach has stimulation and pause, and during the pause, the food is broken down.
Small intestine stimulations are caused by segmentation.

38
Q

Regulation of Digestion

A

– Phases
* Cephalic
* Gastric
* Intestinal (Duodenal)
– Growth
* Raw Materials
– Reproduction

39
Q

Mechanisms of
Regulation of Digestion

A

– CNS (Long Reflexes)
– Enteric NS (Short
Reflexes)
– Endocrine Mechanisms
* Endocrine
* Paracrine
* Peptidergic NS

40
Q

Neural Regulation of Digestion

A
  • Short Reflexes
    – originate in enteric nervous system
    – integrated w/o any CNS input; e.g.
  • gastroileal reflex: gastric activity -> ileum motility
  • ileogastric reflex: ileum distension -> ̄ gastric motility
  • intestino-intestinal reflex: distension of segment of SI –> relaxation of
    remainder
  • Long Reflexes
    – digestive reflexes integrated with CNS
  • Defecation Reflex, Salivary response etc
41
Q

More Regulation of Digestion

A
  • Intestinal Phase; chyme in duodenum
    – Ileogastric Reflex ̄ gastric activity
    – Chemical nature of chyme determines which
    hormones are secreted
  • Acid à secretin à bicarbonate
  • Fats/proteins à Cholecystokinin (CCK) à
    pancreatic enz. and bile
  • Secretin & gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP)
    also ̄ gastric activity (motility & enzyme
    production)

animal phys (10 decks)

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