Differentiation 1 - Intro Flashcards
What are the two meanings of differentiation?
- cells are different - specialised cell types
- the process by which unspecialised cells become specific cell types
What makes cell types different?
- different macromolecules
- different metabolites
- different morphologies and behaviours
- different proteins
- different enzymes
What are chromaffin cells and how are they specialised?
- cells in the adrenal gland
- enzymes needed to make epinephrine (adrenalin) and norepinephrine
What are housekeeping proteins?
proteins found in most cell types for essential functions
What is cell fate determination?
the process happening during differentiation
What are cell lineages?
tracing where a specific cell came from
What is lineage restriction?
the further down the tree, the less options
What is developmental potency?
what kind of cels the cell can differentiate into
What tissues does the ectoderm form?
- skin
- hair
-sweat glands - CNS
- retina, photoreceptors, pigment cells
- neurona
- glia
What tissues does the mesoderm form?
- bone
- muscle
- skeletal
- cardiac
-smooth muscle - kidney
- connective
- adipose
- vessels
- blood stem cells
What tissues does the endoderm form?
- liver
- gut
- lungs
- pancreas
What is terminal differentiation?
the cells final form
what are the three germ layers?
- ectoderm
- mesoderm
- endoderm
When are the germ layers formed?
gastrulation
why is the mesoderm different?
- cells are more differentiated
- characteristic cell behviour (invagination)
- restricted future differentiation potential
