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0.1 Paediatrics - MO > Differentials > Flashcards

Differentials Flashcards

1
Q

Categories of causes of collapse

A
  • Cardiac
  • Resp
  • Neuro
  • Other
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2
Q

Cardiac causes of collapse

A
  • Heart failure
  • Arrhythmias
  • Myocarditis
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3
Q

Resp causes of collapse

A
  • Upper airway obstruction
  • Respiratory failure
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4
Q

Neuro causes of collapse

A
  • Birth asphyxia
  • Cerebral oedema
  • Coning of brainstem
  • Head injury
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5
Q

Other causes of collapse

A
  • Drug ingestion
  • Severe trauma, e.g. falls, RTA, non-accidental
  • Severe hypoxic-ischaemic insult, e.g. suffocation, drowning
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6
Q

Causes of acute fever

A
  • Dehydration
  • Otitis media
  • Viral infection, e.g. non-specific viral infection, upper respiratory tract infection
  • Post surgery
  • Kawasaki’s disease
  • Factitious
  • Tonsillitis
  • Post-immunisation
  • Septic arthritis
  • Pneumonia
  • Serious blood infection
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7
Q

Causes of factitious acute fever

A
  • Taking temperature after hot drink
  • Deliberate manipulation of thermometer
  • Excessive crying on exertion
  • Overheating due to swaddling
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8
Q

Serious blood infections causing acute fever

A
  • Meningococcal sepsis
  • Streptococcal sepsis
  • Toxic shock syndrome
  • Malaria
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9
Q

Persistent fever

A
  • HIV infection
  • Collagen vascular disease
  • Inflammatory bowel disease
  • Infective endocarditis
  • Occult abscess
  • Osteomyelitis
  • Infectious mononucleosis
  • Tuberculosis
  • Neoplastic disease
  • Hepatitis
  • Atypical pneumonia
  • Urinary tract infection
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10
Q

Cough in infants

A
  • Congenital malformation of airway
  • Infections
  • Gastro-oesophageal reflux
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11
Q

Infections causing cough in infants

A
  • Bronchiolitis
  • Pneumonia
  • Upper respiratory tract infections
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12
Q

Cough in pre-school kids

A
  • Asthma
  • Passive smoking
  • Infections
  • Foreign body
  • Cystic fibrosis
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13
Q

Infections causing cough in pre-school kids

A
  • Acute bronchitis
  • Upper respiratory tract infections
  • Pneumonia
  • Croup
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14
Q

Cough in school age to adolescent

A
  • Post-nasal drip
  • Cystic fibrosis
  • Asthma
  • Infections
  • Cigarette smoking
  • Psychogenic
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15
Q

Wheeze

A
  • Aspiration of food or foreign body
  • Cardiac failure
  • Asthma
  • Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
  • Bronchiolitis
  • Viral wheeze
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16
Q

Acute stridor

A
  • Inhaled foreign body
  • Tonsillar abscess (quinsy)
  • Croup
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Epiglottitis
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17
Q

Chronic stridor

A
  • Laryngeal abnormalities
  • Vascular ring
  • Upper airway obstruction
  • Tracheal abnormality
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18
Q

Laryngeal abnormalities causing chronic stridor

A
  • Papilloma
  • Vocal cord palsies
  • Laryngomalacia
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19
Q

Upper airway obstruction causing chronic stridor

A
  • Severe micrognathia
  • Pharyngeal cysts
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20
Q

Tracheal abnormality causing chronic stridor

A
  • Tracheomalacia
  • Subglottic stenosis
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21
Q

Causes of upper airway obstruction

A
  • Croup
  • Anaphylaxis with swelling
  • Epiglottitis
  • Foreign bodies
  • Infection in upper airway
  • Fire or burns from breathing in smoke
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22
Q

Categories of causes of cyanosis

A
  • Alveolar hyperventilation
  • Ventilation perfusion inequality
  • Decreased affinity of oxygen to haem
  • Impairment of oxygen diffusion right to left shunting
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23
Q

Categories of causes of alveolar hyperventilation

A
  • CNS causes
  • Hypothermia
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24
Q

CNS causes of alveolar hyperventilation

A
  • Cerebral oedema
  • Seizures
  • Haemorrhage
  • Infection
  • Hypoxia-ischaemia
  • Drugs
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25
Q

Categories of causes of VP inequality

A
  • Cardiac
  • Resp
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26
Q

Cardiac causes of VP inequality

A
  • Decreased systemic perfusion decreased pulmonary blood flow
  • Pulmonary atresia with intact septum
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27
Q

Causes of decreased systemic perfusion

A
  • Sepsis
  • Coarctation of the aorta
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28
Q

Causes of decreased pulmonary blood flow

A
  • Tricuspid atresia
  • Tetraology of fallot
  • Critical pulmonary stenosis
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29
Q

Resp causes of VP inequality

A
  • Tracheal compression
  • Pneumonia
  • Pleural effusion
  • Bronchiolitis
  • Respiratory muscle dysfunction
  • Guillain-Barre
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30
Q

Causes of decreased affinity of oxygen to Hb

A

CO poisoning

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31
Q

Causes of impairment of oxygen diffusion

A
  • Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
    Diaphragmatic hernia
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32
Q

Causes of left to right shunting

A
  • Congenital heart defects
  • AV fistula - pulmonary or systemic
  • Eisenmenger syndrome
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33
Q

Causes of innocent murmur

A
  • Venous hum
  • Pulmonary flow murmur
  • Systolic ejection murmur
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34
Q

Causes of pathological murmur

A
  • Aortic stenosis
  • Coarctation of aorta
  • Ventricular septal defect
  • Pulmonary stenosis
  • Atrial septal defect
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35
Q

Vomiting in newborn and infants

A
  • Overfeeding
  • Gastro-oesophageal reflux
  • Systemic infection, e.g. meningitis, UTI
  • Small bowel obstruction
  • Constipation
  • Pyloric stenosis
  • Whooping cough
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36
Q

Vomiting in older kids and adolescents

A
  • Gastroenteritis
  • Toxic ingestion or medications
  • Pregnancy
  • Bulimia
  • Raised ICP
  • Migraine
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37
Q

Acute abdo pain

A
  • Acute appendicitis
  • Mesenteric adenitis
  • Inflammatory bowel disease
  • Intestinal obstruction
  • Functional abdominal pain
  • Renal calculi
  • Constipation
  • Lower lobe pneumonia
  • Gastroenteritis
  • Peptic ulcer
  • Diabetes
  • Henoch-Schonlein purpura
  • Urinary tract infection
  • Intussusception
  • Colic
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38
Q

Acute constipation

A
  • Hirschsprung’s
  • Functional
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39
Q

Chronic constipation

A
  • Bowel obstruction
  • Fluid depletion
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40
Q

Causes of bowel obstruction

A
  • Adhesions from previous surgery
  • Congenital causes
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41
Q

Causes of conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia

A
  • Hepatitis
  • Choledocal cyst
  • Cystic fibrosis leading to cholestasis
  • Biliary atresia
42
Q

Causes of unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia

A
  • Breast milk jaundice
  • Rhesus incompatibility
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Physiological jaundice
  • Bruising from traumatic delivery
  • ABO incompatibility
  • Infection
  • Prematurity
43
Q

Causes of physiological jaundice

A
  • Low liver enzyme activity
  • Breakdown of fetal Hb
44
Q

Causes of acute diarrhoea

A
  • Viral gastroenteritis
  • Food poisioning
  • Antibiotic induced
  • Bacterial gastroenteritis
45
Q

Causes of chronic diarrhoea

A
  • Non-pathological overflow diarrhoea in constipation
  • Malabsorption
  • Inflammation
46
Q

Causes of malabsorption

A
  • Cystic fibrosis
  • Coeliac disease
  • Secondary lactose intolerance
  • Parasitic infection, e.g. giardia lamblia
47
Q

Causes of inflammation leading to chrnoic diarrhoea

A
  • Cow’s milk proteins intolerance
  • Crohn’s disease
  • Ulcerative colitis
48
Q

Categories of causes dehydration

A
  • Decreased fluid intake
  • Excess loss
49
Q

Causes of decreased fluid intake

A
  • Stomatitis
  • Tonsillitis
50
Q

Causes of excess loss of fluid

A

Acute surgical losses fluid loss from burns, sweat, stool, urine, vomiting

51
Q

Causes of excessive sweating

A
  • CF
  • High fever
  • Hot climate
  • Excessive exercise
52
Q

Excessive loss of fluid in poop

A

Gastroenteritis

53
Q

Dehydration from urine

54
Q

Causes of headache

A
  • Hypertension
  • Meningitis
  • Haemorrhage
  • Tumour
  • Infection
  • Raised ICP
  • Tension headache
  • Dental caries
  • Migraine
55
Q

Seizures

A
  • Asphyxial injury
  • Hypoglycaemia
  • Epilepsy
  • Febrile convulsions
  • Head injury
  • Hypoglycaemia
  • Meningitis
  • Drug ingestion
56
Q

Coma

A
  • Acute asphyxia event
  • Shock
  • Encephalitis
  • Drug induced
  • Raised ICP
  • Head injury
  • Meningitis
  • Liver failure
  • Cerebrovascular accident
  • Renal failure
  • Metabolic disorders
  • Reye’s syndrome
  • Convulsions
57
Q

Acute asphyxia event leading to coma

A
  • Birth asphyxia
  • Near miss cot death
  • Post cardiac arrest
58
Q

Drugs leading to coma

A
  • Accidental ingestion
  • Overdose
59
Q

Head injury leading to coma

A
  • Subdural haematoma
  • Extradural haematoma
  • Diffuse axonal injury
  • Non-accidental injury
60
Q

Cerebrovascular causes of coma

A
  • Vasculitic disorder
  • Hypertension
  • Thrombotic disorder
  • Malformations
61
Q

Metabolic disorders leading to coma

A
  • Hypoglycaemia
  • Diabetic ketoacidosis
  • Inborn errors of metabolism
62
Q

Weakness

A
  • Central causes, e.g. cerebral palsy
  • Nutritional deficiency
  • Congenital heart disease
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Neuromuscular disorder
63
Q

Categories of neuromuscular disorders

A
  • Anterior horn cell
  • Peripheral nerve
  • Neuromuscular transmission
  • Muscle disorders
64
Q

disorders of anterior horn cell leading to weakness

A

spinal muscular atrophy poliomyelitis

65
Q

disorders of peripheral nerve leading to weakness

A

hereditary motor sensory neuropathies acute post-infectious polyneuropathy, e.g. Guillan barre

66
Q

Disorders of neuromuscualr transmission leadign to weakness

A

Myasthenia gravis

67
Q

muscle disorders leading to weakness

A

Muscular dystrophies metabolic myopathies congenital myopathies myotonic disorders

68
Q

muscular dystrophies leading to weakness

A

duchennes beckers

69
Q

Inflammatory myopathies leading to weakness

A

Benign acute myositis polymyositis/dermatomyositis

70
Q

categories of causes of floppy infant

A

Central spinal cord anterior horn cell muscle neuromuscular junction peripherla nerve metabolic myopathies

71
Q

central causes of floppy infant

A

• Drug effects, e.g. benzodiazepines • Hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy Intracranial haemorrhage

72
Q

spinal cord causes of floppy infant

A

Birth trauma syringomelia

73
Q

Anterior horn cell causes of floppy infant

A

Spinal muscular atrophy

74
Q

muscle causes of floppy infant

A

• Muscular dystrophies Congenital myopathies

75
Q

neuromuscular junction causes of floppy infant

A

• Myasthenia gravis Infantile botulism

76
Q

peripherla nerve causes of floppy infant

A

• Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathies Inborn errors of metabolism

77
Q

metabolic myopathies causes of floppy infant

A

Carnitine deficiency

78
Q

haematuria

A

• Henoch-Schonlein purpura • Alport’s syndrome • Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis • IgA nephropathy • Renal stones • Thin basement membrane disease • Kidney tumours • Urinary tract infection • Sickle cell disease • Trauma Polycystic kidneys

79
Q

acute macular rash

A

Rubella roseola

80
Q

acute vesicular rash

A

chicken pox hand foot mouth

81
Q

Acute papular rash

A

allergic reaction

82
Q

Acute maculopapular rash

A

Measles fifth disease scarlat fever

83
Q

Acute purpuric rash

A

Hsp meningococcal sepsis idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

84
Q

acute wheals

85
Q

chronic rash

A

• Seborrhoeic dermatitis • Eczema • Contact dermatitis Psoriasis

86
Q

Types of anppy rash

A

• Psoriatic nappy rash • Candida • Seborrhoeic dermatitis Ammoniacal dermatitis

87
Q

crying baby

A

• Normal response to hunger and discomfort • Infections, e.g. urinary tract, middle ear, meningeal • Pain from unrecognised fracture • Oesophagitis • Torsion of testis • Preterm infants that have spent several weeks in hospital • Chronic neurological disorder, e.g. cerebral palsy • Teething Colic

88
Q

Feeding problems

A

• Traumatic birth injuries that lead to neurological disorders, e.g. cerebral palsy • Cleft lip and/or palate • Autism • Neck and head abnormalities • Premature birth • Low birth weight • Respiratory problems • Heart disease • GI disorders • Medications that decrease appetite Non-medical causes, e.g. baby stressed or scared, isn’t receiving enough attention, doesn’t like tastes, smell, and/or texture of some foods

89
Q

leg pain and limp

A

• Transient synovitis • Growing pains • Trauma • Osteomyelitis • Perthes disease • Slipped capital femoral epiphysis • Neoplastic disease Septic arthritis

90
Q

categories of developmental delay

A

Neurocutaneous syndromes cns malformation endocrine metabolic disorders neurodegenerative disorders chromosomal abnormalities pre-natal injury post-natal injury idiopathic

91
Q

Neurocutanoeus syndromes causing developmental delay

A

• Neurofibromatosis • Tuberous sclerosis Sturge-Weber

92
Q

cns malformations causing developmental delay

A

• Neural tube defects Hydrocephalus

93
Q

endocrine and metabolic disorders causing developmental delay

A

• Phenylketonuria Congenital hypothyroidism

94
Q

neurodegenerative disorders causing developmental delay

A

Leucomalacia

95
Q

Chromosomal abnormalities causing developmental delay

A

• Fragile X Down syndrome

96
Q

pre-natal injury causing developmental delay

A

Intrauterine infections (TORCH)

97
Q

peri-natal injury causing developmental delay

A

• Asphyxia Birth trauma

98
Q

post-natal injury causing developmental delay

A

• Meningitis • Non-accidental injury Neglect

99
Q

Idiopathic causing developmental delay

A

• Autism Various dysmorphic syndromes

100
Q

categories of growth failure

A

Steady growth below centiles fall off in growth

101
Q

causes of steady growth below centiles

A

• Constitutional (familial) short stature • Maturational delay • Turner’s syndrome • IUGR Skeletal dysplasia

102
Q

causes of fall off in growth across centiles

A

• Chronic illness • Growth hormone deficiency • Cushing’s disease • Acquired hypothyroidism Psychosocial

0.1 Paediatrics - MO (115 decks)

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