Differential Psychology Flashcards
Turkheimers (2000s) - 3 laws of genetic behaviour
- all human behavioural traits are heritable - genetic influence underlines everything psychological
- shared environmental influences tend to be weaker than genetic influence
- neither genetics or environment account for all of the variance
- non-shared environments influences matter too
- psychological measures always contain error
Drop in the sky test (Hunt, 2011)
- no time to evaluate
- arbitrary
- makes people nervous because they know intelligence is being tested
- artificial, limited context
- dependently on prior experience with related material (dependent on social class, school, culture)
Raymond Cattell 1971 - investment theory
humans have biologically fixed but ‘fluid’ cognitive capacities that can be applied in any direction by choice & opportunity
they invest capacity in acquiring knowledge and procedural skills that then become fixed ‘crystallised’
intelligence - Flynn, 2007
mental acuity (ability to provide on-the-spot solutions to new problems); habits of mind (patterns of thinking); attitudes (foundations for acquiring habits of mind)
intelligence - Gottfredson, 1994
A very general mental capability that, among other things, involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience. It is not merely book learning, a narrow academic skill, or test-taking smarts. Rather, it reflects a broader and deeper capability for comprehending our surroundings – ‘catching on’, ‘making sense’ of things, or ‘figuring out what to do
intelligence - Wechsler, 1958
global concept involving individuals’ ability to act purposefully, think rationally, and deal effectively with the environment
personality - Funder, 2016
An individual’s characteristic style of behaving, thinking, and feeling together with psychological mechanisms - hidden or not - behind
personality - Pervin & John, 1999
characteristics that account for a person’s consistent patterns of feeling, thinking, and behaving
personality - Allport, 1968
how shall a psychological life history be written? What processes and structure must a full bodied account of personality include? How can one detect unifying threads in a life, if they exist?
personality - Mischel et al., 2004
set of individuals differences affected by development of individual; values, attitudes, personal memories, social relationships, habits, and skills
personality - Johnson, 2022
person’s ongoing adaptations of temperament, emotional, information-processing, motivational and interest tendencies and capacities to the social and physical demands and opportunities of the surrounding environment
Costa & McCrae (1985)
5 factor model - NEO
- uses behavioural descriptions
- articulated personality ‘theory’ to go with it
Allport & Odbert (1936)
started ‘lexical hypothesis’ dynasty - reasoned that language reflects people act, we develop words that describe us
- selected 4,504 english adjectives to describe people
Cattel & FFM
whittled 4,504 to 171, factor analysed to 16
Tubes & Christal (1961)
out of 171, decided only 5 factors were relevant
