Differential Education Achievement

Question 1

What subculture is associated with ‘present-time orientation’? (Lockwood)

Answer 1

Working class

Question 2

What subculture is associated with ‘future-time orientation’? (Lockwood)

Answer 2

Middle-class

Question 3

What subculture is associated with ‘immediate gratification’? (Lockwood)

Answer 3

Working-class

Question 4

What subculture is associated with ‘deferred gratification’? (Lockwood)

Answer 4

Middle-class

Question 5

What class agrees with ‘collectivism’? (Lockwood)

Answer 5

Working-class

Question 6

What class argues with ‘individualism’? (Lockwood)

Answer 6

Middle-class

Question 7

Cultural deprivation : primary socialisation

Answer 7

Douglas (1964-1970)

Question 8

What did Feinstein (2003) argue?

Answer 8

• Financial deprivation

- Cultural deprivation

Question 9

Speech patterns : Restricted and elaborated codes

Answer 9

Basil Bernstein (1972)

Question 10

Who theorised the concept of ‘capital and education achievement’?

Answer 10

Pierre Bourdieu (1984)

Question 11

The four strands of capital and education

Answer 11

• Economic capital
• Cultural capital
• Social capital
• Symbolic capital

Question 12

Material factors in schooling

Answer 12

Smith and Noble (1995)

Question 13

Chavs, charvers and townies

Answer 13

Hollingworth and Williams (2009)

Question 14

Labelling : Self-fulfilling prophecies

Answer 14

Hargreaves et al. (1975)

Question 15

Labelling: Peer Groups

- ‘Macho lads’, ‘academic achievers’ and ‘new enterprisers’

Answer 15

Mac an Ghaill (1994)

Question 16

What percentage of chinese students achieve A*-C level grades?

Answer 16

80.1% of girls and 70% of boys

Question 17

Who has the lowest level of attainment for ethnic groups?

Answer 17

58.7% (black pupils) and 60.4% (white pupils)

Question 18

African-Caribbean are held back by high levels of poverty

Answer 18

Strand (2007)

Question 19

Family life for African-Caribbean boys

Answer 19

Tony Sewell (1997)

Question 20

Institutional racism

Answer 20

MacPherson (1999)

Question 21

School exclusions figures (2015)

Answer 21

African-Caribbean pupils were about three times more likely to be excluded from school than the average in England and Wales.

Question 22

GCSEs statistics for gender difference.

Answer 22

53% of boys gained five or more good GCSEs, compared 62% of girls

Question 23

What subjects do boys typically choose?

Answer 23

More likely to do business studies, economics, politics, physics and technical subjects

Question 24

What subject do girls typically choose?

Answer 24

More likely to do English, modern languages, psychology and sociology

Question 25

Classroom behaviour

Answer 25

Michelle Stanworth (1983)

Question 26

Girls disadvantage within educational achievement

Answer 26

Francis (2000)

• males still dominate classrooms
• gender divisions in subject choice

Question 27

Gender inequalities in subject choice

Answer 27

Colley (1998)

Question 28

Sex stereotyping and socialisation

Answer 28

Norman et al. (1988)

Question 29

Changes in labour market stats.

Answer 29

The proportion of women of working age in employment has risen from approx. 50% (1960) to more than 75%

Question 30

Girls’ aspirations: from love and marriage, to careers and employment

Answer 30

Sue Sharpe (1976-1994)

Question 31

Girls are better organised and willing to draft assignments

Answer 31

Burns and Bracey (2001)

Question 32

Laddish culture (hegemonic masculinity)

Answer 32

Jackson (2006)