Different types of psychology Flashcards

Question

what was freud's psychoanalysis theory?

Answer 1

1900s Freud theorised that during crucial stages of development, the interactions between the child and parents led to long-lasting effects on personality functioning as an adult. He believed that as patients reviewed their relationships in therapy, the therapist began to symbolise important figures in the patient's life. This led to early relational feelings being transferred to the therapist. This theory suggested that the reliving of early emotional experiences led to insight in the patient, so that repressed stressful memories and feelings were released, allowing normal functioning to return

Answer 2

1920s Skinner believed that during development, certain behaviours became reinforced depending on rewards and punishments experienced by individuals. Behaviours were viewed as being based on anything from simple to complex physiological or psychological stimuli. Behavioural therapies are based on the premise that emotions can be changed if behaviour is changed. Behaviour theory today has evolved and modified to include cognitive factors and has greater complexity in approaching clinical problems

Answer 3

1940s This theory approached psychological problems using greater acceptance of individuality, sharing of feelings, and genuine regard for the person, whatever the behaviour. Mental health problems were theorised to result from “the failure to realize the fullness of one’s humanity” (Richly, 1981) and thus were treated with compassion and acceptance. The effectiveness of therapy relied on the human encounter between the therapist and the patient, who changed due to trust and the belief in the genuineness of the regard for the patient.

Answer 4

1950s-70s The cognitive revolution involved the scientific investigation of human cognition, that is, all our mental abilities – perceiving, learning, remembering, thinking, reasoning,and understanding. Cognitive psychology is based on two assumptions: (1) Human cognition can at least in principle be fully revealed by the scientific method, that is, individual components of mental processes can be identified and understood (2) Internal mental processes can be described in terms of rules or algorithms in information processing models

Answer 5

When you receive a new referral the initial information you receive is likely to be minimal. In an initial psychological assessment it is therefore important to start building a clearer picture of the patient,their difficulties and what they want to change or work on in therapy.

Answer 6

* Clinical Psychology is predominantly an applied role involving clinical duties * However, there is an expectation that research is part of the job * In some job roles this is a minimal requirement due to practical constraints * Some Clinical Psychologists choose to make research a bigger part of their job

Answer 7

* Clinical psychology training involves the design, implementation and write-up of a major research project (doctoral thesis) * The topic is chosen by the trainee where possible and guided by available resources and practical constraints(access to population, timescale etc.) * The research is jointly supervised by at least two Clinical Psychologists – one working within their local health board and one based at the University

Answer 8

* The research methods used in Clinical Psychology are, at the core, no different from those used in UG psychology degrees * The research can be qualitative or quantitative * It can involve be as small scale as a case series (a number of individual case studies) or involve hundreds of participants * Data collection might involve the use of questionnaires, interviews, observations, standardised assessments and (less often) experimental paradigms * The defining feature of Clinical Psychology research is that the findings are clinically relevant, have the potential to improve or change clinical practice, or aid our understanding of the experience of clinical conditions * This might involve patients, carers, health professionals and (less often) non-clinical populations

Answer 9

* In addition to research, Clinical Psychologists carry out Clinical Audit * Clinical audit evaluates whether existing clinical knowledge, skills and resources are being used appropriately, and effectively * It involves the systematic evaluation of clinical practice (individual or group) * The aim is to improve the delivery of healthcare

Answer 10

1. get an undergraduate psychology honours degree - 4 years 2. get relevant experience - 2-5 years 3. apply for clinical psychology doctorate training - 1 year 4. complete doctorate in clinical psychology - 3 years 5. (optional) CPD and PGDip/Msc/QiCN/neuropsychologist - 2-4 years

Answer 11

* The NHS currently provides the funding for places on courses * People accepted are currently employed by the NHS as Trainee Clinical Psychologists (in a local NHS health board) while they study * The starting salary is £33,706 pa (band 6) * Trainees are also postgraduate students and are therefore entitled tothe perks associated with that (e.g. no council tax!

Answer 12

* Communicate with a range of vulnerable people * Convey sensitive information to families and carers * Consistently act in a professional but approachable manner * Cope with high levels of stress and maintain a good work/life balance * Balance clinical and academic/research demands * Reflect on your own personal issues and how these impact on interactions with patients * Know your limits and set boundaries for yourself

Answer 13

𝐵= 𝑓 ( 𝑃 , 𝐸)

Answer 14

* Natural environments * Positive social situations * Familiar environments * Well designed environments

Answer 15

* Urban environments * Office environments * Negative social situations * Extreme environments

Answer 16

restorative and stressful

Answer 17

Environmental psychology uses a number of different methodologies – depending on the research question. * Questionnaires * Interviews Focus groups * Experiments, psychophysiology, eye-tracking * Diary Studies * (Computer) simulation Etc...

Answer 18

In recent years, there has been a lot of interest in using computer simulation as a means to understand people-environment interactions. Partly this is due to the fact that large-scale person-environment interactions take a long time to happen, and also because experimentation is incredibly difficult (or costly, or unethical, etc..)

Answer 19

The simulation does not have to use computers –constructing a model from cardboard or plasticine of a city that does not (yet) exist is a part of simulation

Answer 20

Computing power has grown to such an extent that simulating complex social processes is a realistic ambition. * Already used for urban planning and traffic simulation * Also used to examine behaviour in emergencies –e.g. fires, earthquakes, etc.

Answer 21

"All models are wrong, but some are useful"

Answer 22

* Working with organisations of all shapes and sizes across public, private and third sectors Concerned with the performance, satisfaction and well-being of people at work * Understanding how organisations function and how individuals and groups behave at work * Using evidence-based practice to create bespoke interventions to create high-performing teams and individuals as well as successful organisations * Delivering the intervention and evaluation.

Answer 23

* examine * plan * Launch * Review

Answer 24

EXAMINING requirements and gaining a detailed understanding of the organisation, the people and the issues

Answer 25

utilizing scientific and evidence-based methods to PLAN a solution based on the organisation's requirements

Answer 26

the development of the organisation and its people and teams commences as solutions are lLAUNCHed

Answer 27

Consolidating the process and reviewing the

Answer 28

* coaching to help an individual develop their confidence * GAP analysis to understand if there are developments needed * use psychometric assessment to help him understand what his key strengths are * Use psychometric assessment to help him understand the strengths of his team * Team building activities: getting to know each other * Understanding the needs of the team: better communication * Use situational leadership model to help with delegation

Answer 29

supporting - supportive = high and directive = low coaching - supportive = high and directive = low delegating - supportive = low and directive = low directing - supportive = low and directive = high

Answer 30

self reliant achiever - high commitment and confidence capable but cautious performer - high competence and low commitment delusional learner - some competence and low commitment enthusiastic beginner - low competence and high commitment

Answer 31

* KOTTER'S 8-STAGE PROCESS OF CREATING MAJOR CHANGE * ESTABLISHING A SENSE OF URGENCY, WHY IT MATTERS * CREATING THE GUIDING COALITION: FORMING A TEAM WHO SUPPORT THE VISION AND HAVE THE POWER TO LEAD IT. * COMMUNICATION:COMMUNICATION EVERY SINGLE STEP OF THE WAY, HOW DO PEOPLE WANT TO RECEIVE INFORMATION, CREATE FOCUS GROUPS, CHANGE CHAMPIONS * ANCHORING NEW APPROACHES IN THE CULTURE: CREATING BETTER PERFORMANCE,MORE EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP, CONNECTIONS BETWEEN NEW BEHAVIOURS AND SUCCESS * DEVELOPING A VISION AND STRATEGY

Answer 32

1. establish a sense of urgency 2. create a guiding coalition 3. develop a vision change 4. communicate the vision to buy in 5. empower broad-based action 6. generate short-term wins 7. never let up 8. incorporate changes into culture

Answer 33

performance teams are the opposite of dysfunctional teams inattention to results - poor performance and results team turnover avoidance of accountability - missed deadlines and deliverables and hopelessness and poor performance lack of commitment - ambiguous direction and revisit of discussions fear of collection - lack of transparency and confusion and tough issues not confronted absence of trust - members dont help each other and avoid meetings

Answer 34

In schools – * Individual children * Groups * Whole classes * Training with staff/Project work Working within wider Local Authority * Contributing to policy development * Contributing to self-evaluation and quality assurance Working with other professionals * Training * Joint assessment Online!

Answer 35

a changing profession In the past - the medical model: focus on problem being within the individual child

Answer 36

Now – ecological perspective: focus on the child in context i.e. the interaction of children with their environment, curriculum, peers, teachers and other relevant adults.

Answer 37

* Focus on the child fitting into the existing context * Referral driven * Reactive/Crisis driven * Child seen in isolation – Psychologist often based in clinic * Psychometrics and IQ scores * Psychologist as Expert

Answer 38

* Child is seen in context e.g. in the classroom * Focus on adapting context/environment * Information gathered from relevant school staff as well as parents * Psychologist allocated a ‘patch of schools’ * Time allocation model based on assessed need * Wider role of Psychologist within Local Authority System

Answer 39

* Psychologist saw as ‘Expert’ * Construction of the problem is the Psychologist’s * Interventions/Recommendations should be based in evidence from research * Recommendations often focused on child’s needs and changes required in context without discussion about possibilities with those work indirectly with young person – ‘top-down’ approach * Potential for mismatch in expectations between EP and school staff

Answer 40

* Salamanca Agreement (UNESCO 1994) - All children attending local school * Additional Support for Learning (Scotland) Act (2004), (updated 2009) - Meeting the needs of each individual child * Getting It Right For Every Child (2007) - joined-up collaborative working between professionals working in Children’s Services * Children and Young People (Scotland) Act 2014 (amended 2017) - Streamlining the system

Answer 41

* Consultation * Assessment * Intervention * Training * Research

Answer 42

* Symbolic Interactionism * Personal Construct Theory * Systems Thinking * Social Constructionism * Theories of learning, including Structural Cognitive Modifiability * Attribution theory * Role theory * Theories of group behaviour * Theories of cognitive development

Answer 43

* All involved are equal contributors bringing their own unique skills/knowledge * EP uses their skills and knowledge of psychology to help explore concerns and to encourage curiosity and inquisitiveness about the problem * EPs help to: * Explore similarities and differences in perceptions and beliefs about the problem * Explore how different people and the young person feel about the problem * Generate different hypotheses about what might be going on * Encourage people to consider alternative explanations of the problem in order to open up possibilities for action that can be taken * Generate a plan of action

Answer 44

* Listening * Communicating empathy * Reserving judgements * Questioning – open and answerable questions * Summarising, confirming, understanding,reframing * Creative hypothesising * Creative generation of tentative ideas for action * Data analysis

Answer 45

* Dynamic Assessment * Solution focused interviews * Person Centred Planning

Answer 46

* Intelligence is fixed * Making mistakes means you’re no good at something * A challenge is a mountain to climb * If you have to work hard, you’re not as good as you thought you were * Test results accurately reflect intelligence

Answer 47

* Intelligence can be developed * Mistakes are learning opportunities * Challenges are exciting and opportunities to learn * Trying hard and using different learning strategies can help to achieve more * Effort is positive (the harder you work at something the better you’ll be at it) * Everyone can learn * There is always room for improvement

Answer 48

* Studies have been carried out looking at growth mind sets and learning * Those with growth mindsets- * Performed better in tests/activities * Coped better with challenging tasks * Used a wider variety of learning strategies * Viewed mistakes as things they could learn from

Answer 49

"Intelligence is not astatic structure, but an open dynamic system that can continue to develop throughout life"

Answer 50

a snapshot of what a child is able to do at a point in time

Answer 51

an opportunity to find out about how an individual is going about learning,to investigate barriers to learning and to discover ways to help overcome these barriers * the how rather than the what of learning * underlying thinking skills, learning habits and motivational factors * how learning can be maximised through mediation * is both assessment and intervention

Answer 52

 Evidence based approach to improving attainment  Creating Learning Organisations  Action Research/Practitioner Enquiry  Reflective Practice  Teachers become learners of their ownteaching.....  Learners become their own teachers......  EP role - helping both to become Critical Evaluators and helping individuals become Assessment Capable Learners

Answer 53

 Currie report made research a core function of Educational Psychology Services  Different ways to think about research in our field:  Ongoing integral research -  Ongoing generation of hypotheses, generation of action plans based in evidence – part of Consultation approach  Planned research –  Practitioner Enquiry – Real World Research

Answer 54

 Promote organisational change  Lead to improvement in:  practice  understanding of practice by practitioners  situation where practice takes place  Practitioners as researchers

Answer 55

 Ongoing...  Often undertaken in conjunction with partners e.g. supporting Practitioner Enquiry, considering data around specific practice, but increasingly within the EPSitself, to inform our practice and work with schools  Often driven by policy and politics  Not straightforward – in fact, can be very messy

Answer 56

 Health Care Professions Council  Continuing Professional Development Log

Answer 57

 Honours degree in Psychology or equivalent!  Gather relevant experience e.g. working with children and young people – in either education or non-education settings, voluntary work,research assistant posts in LA Educational Psychology Services  In Scotland - MSc in Educational Psychology (Dundee University) plus  Additional Training Year in post working as an EP  In England – Doctorate in Educational Psychology (different from the Doctorate course in Scotland)

Answer 58

* Usually work in teams led by a Principal Educational Psychologist, within a Local Authority – all EPs working in this context are Chartered Psychologists and registered with the Health Care Professions Council * Occasionally working in Private Practice

Answer 59

* Usually work in teams led by a Principal Educational Psychologist, within a Local Authority – all EPs working in this context are Chartered Psychologists and registered with the Health Care Professions Council * Occasionally working in Private Practice

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Different types of psychology Flashcards

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