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Sociology > Differences in achievement > Flashcards

Differences in achievement Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Definition - material deprivation

A

lacking the physical necessities of life

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2
Q

Definition - cultural deprivation

A

Lacking the right norms and values

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3
Q

Definition - deferred gratification

A

When someone focusses on getting a better job and planning for the future

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4
Q

Definition - immediate gratification

A

The temptation to get immediate benefit then get a greater reward in the future

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5
Q

Definition - fatalism

A

Believing chances in life are based on luck

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6
Q

Definition - restricted code

A

Short simple sentences or slang

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7
Q

Definition - elaborated code

A

Proper English
- gets point across easier

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8
Q

Definition - cultural capital

A

Knowledge, attitudes and values of the middle class that can be exchanged for educational success

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8
Q

Definition - high culture

A

Middle class culture

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9
Q

Definition - low culture

A

Working class culture

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10
Q

Definition - labelling

A

An authority figures opinion can change there behaviour towards them

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11
Q

What did say Becker say about labelling

A

He found teachers evaluate students in terms of the ideal student which can be different for every teacher

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12
Q

What did rosenthal and Jacobsen find about labelling

A

They tested pupils for there IQ and selected a random 20% of pupils and said they were the spurters and then tested them again later and the random selection had the greatest gains in IQ as there teacher labelled them as the best

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13
Q

Definition - spurters

A

Top 20% pupils

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14
Q

Definition - self fulfilling prophecy

A

when a teacher labels a pupil which causes them to live up to it

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15
Q

Definition - self negating prophecy

A

Prove the label wrong

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16
Q

Definition - self-concept

A

how we see ourselves or others see us

17
Q

What did Stephen Ball find about setting and streaming

A
  • pupils are placed in 3 bands top band is for the best pupils who are most likely to be middle class and troublesome students in band 3
  • the bands were taught in different ways and encouraged to follow different paths so caused the higher band you are the better you do
  • disadvantaging the working class
18
Q

What did Douglas find about setting and streaming

A

he found children placed in lower set at age 8 there IQ declined by 11 and children in higher sets IQ increased

19
Q

Definition - subculture

A

A group of people who share the same interests

20
Q

Definition - polarisation

A

The process in which pupils respond to streaming by moving towards one of two opposite extremes (pro-school and anti-school)

21
Q

Definition - differentiation

A

The process of teachers categorising pupils according to perceived ability

22
Q

Marketisation policies

A

As school are more competitive, middle class students are seen as more desirable students as they get better results

23
Q

What is the A-to-C economy

A

The people that are very bright and going to fail get little help and people close to getting a C get the most help as it helps them get a good league table position

24
Q

Definition- cream skimming

A

Selecting higher ability students who cost less to teach

25
Q

Definition - silt shifting

A

Off-loading pupils with learning difficulties who are expensive to teach

26
Q

What are the top and lowest performing ethnic groups

A

Top - Chinese and Indian
Bottom - Pakistani, Bangladeshi, black

27
Q

Definition - racialised expectations

A

Stereotypes based on race

28
Q

Definition - ideal pupil

A

White, middle class, masculinised and straight

29
Q

Definition - pathologised pupil

A

Asian, deservingly poor, feminised, succeed on hard work not talent

30
Q

Definition - demonised pupil

A

Black, working class, hyper-sexualised, unintelligent

31
Q

Definition - the rebels

A

Reject the goals and rules of the school, become part of the anti-school black macho lads

32
Q

Definition - the conformists

A

Keen to succeed, only have black friends

33
Q

Definition - the retreatists

A

Isolated pupils with both school and black subcultures

34
Q

Definition - the innovators

A

Value success but don’t seek approval from teachers so can still maintain credibility with the rebels

35
Q

Definition - institutional racism

A

Discrimination built into the way institutions operate through policies and procedures

36
Q

Definition - patriarchy

A

Male-dominated

37
Q

Definition - liberal feminists

A

Celebrate the progress made so far and believe more progress will be made

38
Q

Definition - radical feminists

A

As long as there are men patriarchy will always remain

39
Q

Definition - gender domains

A

Activities that girls and boys see as male/female territory

40
Q

Definition - globalisation

A

Interconnectedness

Sociology (6 decks)

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