Differences in achievement Flashcards
Definition - material deprivation
lacking the physical necessities of life
Definition - cultural deprivation
Lacking the right norms and values
Definition - deferred gratification
When someone focusses on getting a better job and planning for the future
Definition - immediate gratification
The temptation to get immediate benefit then get a greater reward in the future
Definition - fatalism
Believing chances in life are based on luck
Definition - restricted code
Short simple sentences or slang
Definition - elaborated code
Proper English
- gets point across easier
Definition - cultural capital
Knowledge, attitudes and values of the middle class that can be exchanged for educational success
Definition - high culture
Middle class culture
Definition - low culture
Working class culture
Definition - labelling
An authority figures opinion can change there behaviour towards them
What did say Becker say about labelling
He found teachers evaluate students in terms of the ideal student which can be different for every teacher
What did rosenthal and Jacobsen find about labelling
They tested pupils for there IQ and selected a random 20% of pupils and said they were the spurters and then tested them again later and the random selection had the greatest gains in IQ as there teacher labelled them as the best
Definition - spurters
Top 20% pupils
Definition - self fulfilling prophecy
when a teacher labels a pupil which causes them to live up to it
Definition - self negating prophecy
Prove the label wrong
Definition - self-concept
how we see ourselves or others see us
What did Stephen Ball find about setting and streaming
- pupils are placed in 3 bands top band is for the best pupils who are most likely to be middle class and troublesome students in band 3
- the bands were taught in different ways and encouraged to follow different paths so caused the higher band you are the better you do
- disadvantaging the working class
What did Douglas find about setting and streaming
he found children placed in lower set at age 8 there IQ declined by 11 and children in higher sets IQ increased
Definition - subculture
A group of people who share the same interests
Definition - polarisation
The process in which pupils respond to streaming by moving towards one of two opposite extremes (pro-school and anti-school)
Definition - differentiation
The process of teachers categorising pupils according to perceived ability
Marketisation policies
As school are more competitive, middle class students are seen as more desirable students as they get better results
What is the A-to-C economy
The people that are very bright and going to fail get little help and people close to getting a C get the most help as it helps them get a good league table position
Definition- cream skimming
Selecting higher ability students who cost less to teach
Definition - silt shifting
Off-loading pupils with learning difficulties who are expensive to teach
What are the top and lowest performing ethnic groups
Top - Chinese and Indian
Bottom - Pakistani, Bangladeshi, black
Definition - racialised expectations
Stereotypes based on race
Definition - ideal pupil
White, middle class, masculinised and straight
Definition - pathologised pupil
Asian, deservingly poor, feminised, succeed on hard work not talent
Definition - demonised pupil
Black, working class, hyper-sexualised, unintelligent
Definition - the rebels
Reject the goals and rules of the school, become part of the anti-school black macho lads
Definition - the conformists
Keen to succeed, only have black friends
Definition - the retreatists
Isolated pupils with both school and black subcultures
Definition - the innovators
Value success but don’t seek approval from teachers so can still maintain credibility with the rebels
Definition - institutional racism
Discrimination built into the way institutions operate through policies and procedures
Definition - patriarchy
Male-dominated
Definition - liberal feminists
Celebrate the progress made so far and believe more progress will be made
Definition - radical feminists
As long as there are men patriarchy will always remain
Definition - gender domains
Activities that girls and boys see as male/female territory
Definition - globalisation
Interconnectedness
