Dietary macronutrients and their roles

Question 1

Macronutrients

Answer 1

needed in gram quantities

Question 2

Micronutrients

Answer 2

needed in milligrams or micrograms

Question 3

Essential nutrients

Answer 3

cannot be made in the body
essential for growth and normal function
water/ inorganic nutrients/organic nutrients

Question 4

Conditonally essential

Answer 4

not required in the diet but must be supplied to those who do not synthesize them.
Tyrosine/arginine/histidine/immature infants

Question 5

nutrient requirements

Answer 5

essential a.a- Phe/val/tryp/threo/isole/meth/hist/arg/leu
essential f.a- linoleic acid/linolenic/ arachidonic
vit
minerals

Question 6

carbohydrate requirement

Answer 6

55-65%

rice,wheat,maize,barley,oats

Question 7

Available carbs

Answer 7

can be metabolized in the body

Question 8

Complex carbs

Answer 8

not digested and absorbed easily

starch in millet grains, seeds and unripe bananas

Question 9

Monosaccharides

Answer 9

glu/ galac/ fruc

corn syrup and high fructose corn syrup

Question 10

Disaccharides

Answer 10

lactose in milk
maltose from starch and sprouts
trehalose- in yeast and mushrooms
sugar alcohols such as sorbitol

Question 11

Maltodextrins

Answer 11

oligomers and polymer mixture
starch derived (alpha 1-4) and (alpha 1-6)
formed from partial hydrolysis of corn starch or wheat starch.
used as fat substitues
can be absorbed and digested like starch

Question 12

non-alpha glucans

Answer 12

no alpha 1-4 and 1-6 
contain galactose and fructose
raffinose/stachyose/verbascose/inulin
found in peas , beans and lentils
non-digestible
work as pre biotics

Question 13

Prebiotics

Answer 13

fibre that function as food for the bacteria

feed on the bacteria in the gut.

Question 14

Probiotics

Answer 14

microorganism that provide health benefits.

Question 15

Polysaccharides (starch)

Answer 15

alpha glucans/ (15-30%) amylose and (70-85%)amylopectin.
three forms- A- cereal
B-potato and banana
C-legumes
Raw B- form starch that cant be digested in the intestine (resistant starch)

Question 16

Modified starch

Answer 16

modified by substitution and crosslinking to reduce its degradation and change other properties

Question 17

Non starch polysaccharides

Answer 17

dietary fibre components
Cellulose- beta glucans
Hemicellulose- xylose and arabinose
Pectins- galacturonic acid

Question 18

Benefits of dietary fibres

Answer 18

increase bulk of feces
improve bowel movements
regulating blood cholestrol levels
increase intake reduce rates of colon cancer.

Question 19

prebiotics and microbial flora

Answer 19

non-viable
benefit on the host associated with modulation of the microbiota
alter the balance of bacterial flora so there are more lactobacilli and bifidobacteria

Question 20

what they do?lactobacilli and bifidobacteria?

Answer 20

maintain gut barriers to infection
synthesize b vitamins
breakdown carbohydrate and release metabolites to produce energy.

Question 21

good prebiotics

Answer 21

Fructo-oligosaccharides, inulin, galacto-oligosaccharies

Question 22

Glycemic index

Answer 22

extent to which a carbohydrate increases blood glucose level compared to a reference carb
depends on rate and extent of digestion, absorption and clearance from plasma.

Question 23

Glycemic carb

Answer 23

provide glucose for metabolism after digestion and absorption in the small intestine.
Maltodextrins

Question 24

non-glycemic carb

Answer 24

pass into large intestine undigested and are acted upon by bacteria
various oligo saccharides, NSP, and resistant starches

Question 25

low glycemic index

Answer 25

whole grain containing are rich in dietary fibres.
reduce risk for type2 diabetes
improved glycemic control in both type1 and type2

Question 26

minimum amount of carb intake to avoid ketosis

Answer 26

50g/day

Question 27

min amount of free sugars

Answer 27

less than 10%

Question 28

grams of NSP to be provided by whole grains, cereals and fruits.

Answer 28

25g

Question 29

energy value per gram of carbohydrate

Answer 29

4 cal (17Kj)