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3rd form Biology > Diet and digestion > Flashcards

Diet and digestion Flashcards

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1
Q

3 nutrients

A

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats

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2
Q

What is the function of Carbohydrates?

A

Main fuel for respiration

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3
Q

What is the function of Proteins?

A

Growth and repair of cells and tissue

Fuel for respiration

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4
Q

What is the function of Fats

A

Store of energy
(Thermal and electrical) respiration
Fuel for respiration

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5
Q

What is the Energy unit?

A

Kilojoules (kJ)

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6
Q

How do you measure amount of energy in food?

A

Burn a known mass of food
Use thermal energy released to heat known volume of water
Measure finishing temperature of water
Calculate temp change

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7
Q

State all the vitamin types

A

A, C, D

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8
Q

State some minerals

A

Iron, Calcium

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9
Q

What is the use of iron?

A

Forms part of haemoglobin which binds with oxygen

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10
Q

What is the use of calcium?

A

Needed to form bones and teeth

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11
Q

What is the effect of iron deficiency?

A

Anaemia

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12
Q

What is the effect of calcium deficiency?

A

Rickets

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13
Q

What is the use of vitamin A?

A

Making a chemical in the retina and also protects surface of eye

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14
Q

What is the use of vitamin C?

A

Needed for cells and tissue to stick together

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15
Q

What is the use of vitamin D?

A

Needed to absorb Calcium and phosphate ions form food

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16
Q

Effect of vitamin A deficiency

A

Night blindness and damaged cornea

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17
Q

Effect of vitamin C deficiency

A

Scurvy

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18
Q

Effect of vitamin D deficiency

A

Rickets, weakness in bones

19
Q

Use of water

A

Used to transport components of blood and is crucial for temperature regulation e.g. sweating

20
Q

Use of fibre

A 
Plant material (cannot digest)
Mainly a chemical called cellulose
Helps movement of food through intestine
Prevents constipation and bowel cancer
21
Q

List the parts of alimentary canal from mouth to anus

A 
Mouth
Oesophagus
Stomach
Duodenum/
Ileum/
Colon*
Anus*
/ = small intestine
* = large intestine
22
Q

Stages of food processing

A 
Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Assimilation
Egestion
23
Q

What is Ingestion?

A

Taking food through the mouth and swallowing

24
Q

What is Digestion?

A

Breaking down large insoluble molecules in food into smaller pieces and smaller, soluble molecules

25
Q

What is Absorption?

A

Movement of small soluble molecules out of gut and into blood by diffusion and active transport

26
Q

What is Egestion?

A

Passing out of undigested food through anus

27
Q

What is Assimilation?

A

Building larger biological molecules from small soluble molecules in all cells

28
Q

What is Mechanical digestion?

A

Food is broken down into smaller pieces in mouth by chewing

Increases surface area for enzymes and also prevents discomfort when swallowing

29
Q

What is Chemical digestion?

A

Salvia is released into mouth by salivary glands
Makes food easier to swallow and contains amylase (enzyme)
Amylase breaks down starch to maltose
Amylase works best at neutral pH so is denatured in stomach

30
Q

What happens when you swallow food?

A

Food shaped into ball by tongue
Moved towards back of mouth ( a bolus)
Flap called epiglottis stops food from entering trachea

31
Q

What is the Oesophagus and what does it do?

A

Long tube connects mouth to stomach
Food is pushed down by peristalsis
2 sets of muscles push food down oesophagus
Circular muscles contract behind bolus pushing food down
When longitudinal muscles contract they make oesophagus wider

32
Q

Which enzyme in the stomach helps digest protein?

A

……………..Pepsin
Protein——————>Peptide
Stomach contracts mixing the enzymes and food together

33
Q

Pepsins optimal conditions

A

Acidic pH
Gastric glands release hydrochloric acid into stomach
Keeps low pH

34
Q

Digestion happens in…

A

…Duodenum (small intestine)

35
Q

How does digestion occur in duodenum?

A

Pancreas makes several enzymes
Secretes them into duodenum

..............Pepsin
Protein---------->Peptide
............Amylase
Starch----------->Maltose
........Lipase
Fat------------>Glycerol + 3 fatty acids
36
Q

Duodenum wall secretes which enzymes?

A

Maltase, Peptidase

……………Maltase
Maltose———->Glucose
………….Peptidase
Peptide———->Amino acids

37
Q

What else does duodenum contain?

A

Bile
Produced by liver and stored in gall bladder
Before released into duodenum through bile duct

38
Q

What is the function of bile in the duodenum?

A

1.Neutralises stomach acid
Enzymes work best at pH 7-8
2.Emulsifies lipids
Breaks large droplets into smaller droplets, increase surface area for lipase to digest the fats

39
Q

What does the ileum do?

A

Absorption process

Villi absorb small soluble molecules through diffusion or active transport

40
Q

How does the ileum increase the rate of diffusion?

A

Large surface area
Villi and Microvilli increase surface area
Short diffusion distance
Villi walls 1 cell thick
High concentration gradient
Provided by capillary network and lacteals

41
Q

What is the colon?

A

Site for reabsorption of water

42
Q

What does the Rectum do?

A

Stores faeces

43
Q

Colon and Rectum are both part of…

A

…Large intestine

3rd form Biology (5 decks)

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