Diencephalon and Brainstem Flashcards
The Brain
three major divisions:
cerebrum: telencephalon, diencephalon
cerebellum: metencephalon
brainstem: mes, met, myel
Diencephalon:
located just above:
central
divided in half by
brainstem
core of the brain
vertical slit of the third ventricle
Structures of the diencephalon
thalamus
hypothalamus
subthalamus
epithalamus
Thalamus:
an ?
the two thalami are bridged by the ?
consists of ?
egg-shaped mass masa intermedia (interthalamic adhesion)
numerous nuclei, each has different function
Basic functions of the thalamus:
sensory: all sensory information ( except…) is relayed by ?
motor: motor system outputs from ? are related by
emotion/memory: the thalamus is part of the ? and helps control some ?
vegetative: the thalamus has some ? associated with ? can be associated with
olfaction/cortex via the thalamus
basal ganglia and cerebellum/ thalamus
Papez circuit /emotional and memory information going to the limbic cortex (cingulate gyrus)
intrinsic nuclei / alertness and arousal/ disorders of consciousness
Afferent projections:
receives input from many adjacent subcortical or brainstem nuclei
2 examples of afferent connections:
mammillothalamic tract: connections between ?
involved with ?
thalamus and hippocampus via the mammillary bodies and fornix
memory and learning
spinothalamic tract:
connections between
-lateral spinal thalamic tract
anterior/ventral spinothalamic tract
spinal cord and thalamus
pain and temperature
touch and pressure
Efferent projections:
thalamus sends information to the cortex
Role of thalamus in language and cognition
helps
involved in
mediate speech and language
memory and learning
Thalamic lesion:
thalamic syndrome:
disorder of
increased or decreased
somatosensory function
-thresholds for touch, pain, temperature
subcortical aphasia
Other diencephalon structures:
structures below the thalamus
hypothalamus
subthalamus
epithalamus
Hypothalamus:
-
ventral most portion of diencephalon
extends from optic chiasm to mammillary bodies
Diencephalon
function
oversees - regulates influences strong functional and structural relationship to involved in
autonomic nervous system and innervation of viscera
- homeostasis and hormones
- hormone release via pituitary gland (endocrine system)
- limbic system
4 F’s fighting, fleeing, feeding, and fornication
Diencephalon: sub thalamus
also called
connected too ? - related to
sub thalamic nucleus destruction =
ventral thalamus
basal ganglia/ movement
involuntary pronounced powerful flailing movements
-hemiballism
epithalamus: unusual - more ?
secretes various ?
receives simple information about ? helps with ?
composed of a pair of ? and a ?
gland than nervous structure
chemicals related to sleep-wakefulness (melatonin)
light and dark/circadian rhythmic information
nuclei (habenular nuclei) and a midline structure (pineal body)
where is the hypothalamus located in relation to thalamus
below it
The Brainstem:
connects the ?
consist of?
diencephalon to the spinal cord
midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
There are many /// emerging from?
cranial nerves / brainstem
Midbrain:
the midbrain adjoins the ? and the ?
contains two ?
pons (caudally) / diencephalon (rostrally)
motor cranial nerves that control eye movements
Pons:
.. in latin / provides major ?
contains many ?
bridge/ bridge to cerebellum
cranial nerve nuclei and descending motor fibers and ascending sensory fibers
Medulla: contains ? descending to the ? and ? ascending to ?
motor fibers / spinal cord/ sensory fibers/ brain
some nuclei located in the medulla form three vital reflex centers
cardiac center:
vasomotor center:
respiratory center:
regulates the rate and strength of heartbeat
monitors and alters the diameter of the blood vessels
controls the rhythm and rate of breathing
Pyramids contain the ? also called?
a major ?
carries ?
decussation of the cortical spinal tract occurs in
cortical spinal tract / pyramidal tract
descending motor tract
motor information from the motor cortex to the spinal cord
medulla
Decussation:
about .. of the descending fibers of the pyramidal pathway decussate at the level of ?
after decussation those fibers become the ?
this crossing of the corticospinal fibers accounts for the ?
90%/ medulla
lateral cortical tract
motor cortex of one side of the brain controlling the opposite side of the body
Reticular formation:
network of ? that connects? and mediates
nerve pathways in the brainstem/ spinal cord, cerebellum, and cerebrum/ overall level of consciousness
brainstem stroke:
difficulty difficulty problems with ? partial or ? blurry weakness in ... ...
speaking breathing chewing and swallowing (dysphagia) complete loss of hearing vision limbs numbness paralysis
