Chapter 2/5

Question 1

What contributes to CNS protection

Answer 1

Skull, vertebrae, meninges and CSF

Question 2

Meninges

Answer 2

3 protective membranes that cover and protect brain

Question 3

outermost meninge

Answer 3

dura mater “tough mother”

Question 4

middle meninge

Answer 4

Arachnoid mater “spider”

Question 5

innermost meninge

Answer 5

Pia mater “pious” delicate layer

Question 6

dura mater ?
two layers 
attached to ? 
separation creates ? 
two potential spaces ? become space with ?

Answer 6

dense, fibrous, outermost 
periosteal and meningeal 
inner surface of skull (periosteal)
... spaces
injury 
epidural (between dura and skull) 
subdural ( between dura and arachnoid)

Question 7

Dural extensions
Falx celebri: in ?
forms ?

Tentorium Cerebelli: between ?

Falx Cerebelli: between ?

Answer 7

interhemispheric/longitudinal fissure
vertical partition between cerebral hemispheres

basal surfaces of temporal and occipital lobes and cerebellum

cerebellar hemispheres

Question 8

Arachnoid mater: thin membrane between ? 
arachnoid granulations: 
subarachnoid space: between ? 
-
-filled with ?

Answer 8

dura and pia 
CSF drainage into vascular system 
arachnoid and pia 
arachnoid trabecular ( made of fibrous and elastic tissue) 
CSF

Question 9

Pia: thin, adheres to ? follows?

highly ? carries ?

Answer 9

surface of brain/ contours

vascular / arteries and veins to neural tissue

Question 10

CSF: colorless fluid generated by ? located in?

circulates in ?

Answer 10

choroid plexus/ ventricles / ventricles and subarachnoid space

Question 11

Functions of CSF 
1. 
-mechanical ?
-brain ?
-protection from ?
-reduces brain weight by?
2. 
3. 
How many times is it replaced?

Answer 11

1. protection
   - cushion around CNS
   - floats in CSF
   - sudden and violent body movement
   - 95%
2. removal of harmful substances and metabolic waste
3. delivers nutrients
   3x in 24 hours

Question 12

Ventricles: 
-interconnected ?
two ? 1 in each
1 ? in 
1 ? in

Answer 12

circulating system of CSF 
cavities in brain 
lateral ventricles / hemisphere
third ventricle / midline between two thalami
fourth ventricle / brainstem

Question 13

Foramen of Monro/ Interventricular Foramen
connects?
Cerebral aqueduct ( Aqueduct of Sylvius)
connects ?
Lateral (lusaka) and Median (magendie) apertures
connects ?

Answer 13

lateral and third ventricles

third and fourth ventricles

fourth ventricle to subarachnoid space

Question 14

CSF circulation and absorption:
CSF circulates through ?
subarachnoid cisterns ? 
absorbed through ? 
- which are?
empty CSF into ? which also receives ?

Answer 14

ventricles and subarachnoid space 
CSF pools here
arachnoid granualtions 
- one way openings on sides of superior sagittal sinus 
superior sagittal sinus / venous blood

Question 15

Hydrocephalus 
water on the ?
caused by ? 
communicating?
non- communicating 
abnormal accumulation of CSF causes an?
sustained pressure = 
can be present at ? or ? 
treated by

Answer 15

brain 
dissociation between production and absorption rate of CSF
-inadequate drainage of CSF in sinus
-obstruction or blockage 
increase in pressure 
enlargement of ventricles and damages to surrounding cortical tissue 
birth / result of head injury
CSF shunt system

Question 16

Cerebrum is made of
Cerebellum is made of
Brainstem is made of

Answer 16

telencephalon and diencephalon
metencephalon
mesencephalon, myelencephalon and metencephalon

Question 17

Cerebrum: largest
covered by
floats in? encased in?
mostly involved in :

Answer 17

part
3 protective membranes (PAD)
CSF/ skull
sensation, abstract thinking, resining, planning, higher mental processes such as language

Question 18

Cerebral Hemispheres 
how many?
separated by?
connected by ? 
look approx? but different ?
this is also called

Answer 18

2
longitudinal fissure
commissural fibers known as corpus callosum
same/function
bilateral autonomic symmetry but unilateral functional asymmetry

Question 19

Cerebrum: 
gray matter:
-process
white matter:
-transmit

Answer 19

gray and white matter
grayish/brownish cell bodies of neurons
information 
groups of myelinated axons - white due to myelin sheath 
information

Question 20

gray matter: covered by ? 
how thick?
convoluted?
Gyri:
Sulci: 
to accomodate ?

Answer 20

cerebral cortex = bark
3-5 mm
surface
ridges or elevations on surface of cerebrum
groove-like depressions on surface of cerebrum
cellular volume

Question 21

Cerebrum: white matter
projection fibers:
association fibers:
commissural fibers:

Answer 21

to and from cortex to the brainstem/spinal cord (corona radiata)

to and form regions of same hemisphere (arcuate fasciclus)

from one hemisphere to the other (corpus callosum)

Question 22

Cerebral cortex lobes: 
frontal 
parietal
occipital 
temporal

Answer 22

executive functioning and motor production

sensory integration

visual processing

auditory processing and comprehension

Question 23

Cerebral Cortex: four major sulci and fissures

longitudinal fissure: 
Central sulcus ( fissure of Rolando) 
Sylvian fissure ( Lateral Sulcus/fissure) 
Parieto-occipital sulcus

Answer 23

separates right and left hemisphere

separates frontal and parietal lobes

anterior portion: separates frontal and temporal
posterior portion: separates temporal and parietal

separates parietal and occipital lobes

Question 24

Some subcortical structures

Telencephalon: Basal Ganglia

Amygdala and Hippocampus

Answer 24

motor coordination

limbic system: emotion and memory

Question 25

Diencephalon:
thalamus:

hypothalamus:

Answer 25

sensory and motor relay center

temperature, thirst, hunger, sleep, emotion

Question 26

Cerebellum (aka)
crucial connections to ?
responsible for ?

Answer 26

little brain

cortical an subcortical structures, brainstem and spinal cord

balance and smooth motor coordination, movement learning

Question 27

Brainstem: 
connects
integrates and coordinates 
monitors all ? 
automatic ?
pre? genetically?
consists of

Answer 27

diencephalon and spinal cord 
central and peripheral info 
outputs from and inputs to brain 
control systems (swallowing, breathing, heart rate) 
prewired, genetically acquired
midbrain, pons, medulla