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Neuro Block 4 > Diencephalon > Flashcards

Diencephalon Flashcards

1
Q

Projections to the Thalamus

A

sensory periphery, sp cd, brainstem, cbm, BG, hypothalamu

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2
Q

Where does the retina input info to the thalamus

A

LGN

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3
Q

Diencephalon location

A

‘tween the telencephalon and the mesencephalon,

medial to the internal capsue

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4
Q

Relation of the thalamus to the sub

A

Thalamus is superior to the subthalamus , which is superior to the hypothalamus

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5
Q

BG and subthal ?

A

Subthalamus is implicated in the BG

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6
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Implicated in ANS, endocrine and pleasure and pain in the body

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7
Q

Thalamus to anterior commissure

A

Posterior to anterior commissure and optic chaism

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8
Q

Thal to lentiform nucleus

A

Thalamus is above the lentiform nucleus of the BG. It is medial to the internal capsule.

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9
Q

Is the subthalamus part of the BG

A

yes

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10
Q

Fornix rln to septum pellucidum

A

Fornix is the very posterior end of the septum pellucidum that divides the lateral ventricles.

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11
Q

Epithalamus

A

Structure that is above the epithalamus in development and in the adult.

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12
Q

Structures of the Epithalamus

A

1) Habenular nuclear complex
2) Pineal gland
3) Posterior commissure

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13
Q

Dorsal thalamus

A

Bulk of the diencephalon and contains thalamic nuclei that receive input from various sources and usually relays it to the brain.

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14
Q

External medullary lamina

A

Myelinated fibers that encase the thalamus

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15
Q

Internal medullary lamina

A

Myelinated fibers that bisect each thalamus into its medial and lateral halves

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16
Q

Ventral thalamus

A

Ventral to the dorsal

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17
Q

Components of ventral thalamus

A

1) Reticular nucleus of thalamus
The reticular nucleus exists OUTSIDE of the external medullary lamina
2) Ventral Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
The VGN is NOT ventral to the dorsal thalamus, but insanely small

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18
Q

Subthalamus

A

Composed of:

1) Zona Incerta
2) Subthalamic Nucleus (Luys)

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19
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Beneath the subthalamus beneath the hypothalamus

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20
Q

Infundibulum

A

Connects the hypophysis to the posterior pit, which is a downgrowth of the brain.

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21
Q

Hypophyseal portal system

A

Also connects the hypophysis to the hypothalamus. This way hormones from the hypothalamus can influence the posterior pituitary.

22
Q

Blood supply to the DNCPLN

A

The circle of WIllis

  • the ant comm a
  • the post comm a
  • the ACA
  • the PCA and
  • the ICA
23
Q

Location to posterior limb of IC

A

Medial . At the bend of the IC is the genu where the face motor section is located.

24
Q

Major functions of the thal

A

A) Relays:
1) All sensory information to the cerebral cortex. (Olfactory input to the thlamus is from the piriform cortex).
2) Info about motor activities to the cerebral cortex
3) Relays emo and affective info to the cortex
B) Intimately involved in the control of alertness, arrousal , and sleep.
C) Integrates sensory information from different modalities and projects to association cortex
D) Part of “Papez circuit” of the Limbic System, projects to limbic cortex
E) Under direct cortical feedback and control: reciprocal connections between thalamus and cortex.

25
Q

Major Subdivisions of the thalamus

A

1) Anterior nuclear gp
2) Lateral-Ventral tier
3) Lateral -Dorsal tier
4) Medial gp

26
Q

Anterior nuclear gp of thal

A

Surrounded by the internal medullary lamina ao is more medial to the internal medullary lamina
The other nuclei are lateral to the internal medullary lamina

27
Q

Components of the Anterior nuclear gp of the thal

A

The afferent is the mammilary body , the efferent is the cingulate gyrus and it functions in the limbic system. This is the mammillo thalamic tract. It’s output goes to the cingulate gyrus, which is just on top of the corpus collossum, and has limbic fnx.

28
Q

Lateral-Ventral tier components

A 
VA
VL
VPL
VPM
LGN
MGN
29
Q

Lateral-Dorsal tier

A

LD
LP
Pulvinar

30
Q

Medial GP:

A

The medial gp is ALSO medial to the interior medullary laminar similar to the anterior gp.

MD:
Afferent: Amygdala, Olf, Hyp
Efferernt: Prefrontal cortex
FX: Limbic

31
Q

Subdvisions of the lateral gp

A

1) Dorsal tier

2) Ventral tier

32
Q

Ventral anterior tier

A

Receives input from the BG, specifically the GP for motor output, and it projects to Broadman’s area 6 or the premotor area. So it has total motor functions

33
Q

The Venterolateral aspect

A

Receives input from the cbm, specifiaclly the dentate nucleus. It not only pojects to the premotor cortex, area 6, but also the 1* motor cortex, or area 4, total motor.

34
Q

VPL

A

Sensation from the body. Recives input from the dorsal column medial lemniscus system, and the spinothalamic tract, so light touch/ vibration and then pain/temp resspectilvey from the body. This will project to the postcentral gyrus, or Broadmann’s 312

35
Q

VPM

A

Sensation from the face. From the 3geminothalamic and trigeminal lemniscus so pain/temp and light tough for the face respectiley. thi swill again project to the 1* sensory cortex , Brodmann’s 312, just like VPL

36
Q

LGN

A

Visual Relay. It is very posterior and receives input from the retina and projects it to Broadmann’s area 17, the 1* visual cortex, so totally visual.

37
Q

MGN

A

Also posterior and medial to the LGN. It will receive input from the inferior colliculus, which is linked to hearing and projects to areas 41 and 42 in the superior temporal lobe, so for auditory processing.

38
Q

LD

A

The lateral dorsal receives input and output from the cingulate gyrus, so reciprocal rlnx, especially in its most medial aspects. This is associated with emotional expression.

39
Q

LP

A

Lateral posterior will receive input and output from teh the parietal cortex. This is associated with sensory integration. So it integrates visual, auditory, somatosensory inputs in order to give you a sense of your surrounding.

40
Q

Pulvinar

A

The large structure that is the most developed in humans among animals. It receives input from teh superior colliculs (visions) and the parieto-occipo-temporal cortex (sensation and hearing). It will project back to the POT for senseory integration much like the LP.

41
Q

Medial Gp

A

The single medial gp is ENTIRELY medial to the internal medullary lamina. It receives input from the amygdala, the hypothalamus, and the olfactory cortex. It has a MAJOR connection to the PFC. It has a mjaor connection with the limbic system.

42
Q

Diffuse nuclei

A

These nuclei are very much NONSPECIFIC relays in teh brain. This is made up of the midline nuclei that is a thin sheet of nuclei that line the lateralmost border of the third ventricles. The intralaminar nuclei are surrounded by the internal medullary lamina; and the reticular nucleus that is on the outside of the major dorsal nuclei. All of these are diffuse which means that they are associated with keeping you awake and attentive.

43
Q

Midline nuclei of the diffuse nuclei

A

The midline nuclei receive input from the reticular formation of the brainstem and the hypothalamus and it projects to the basal forebrain, and its major functions are limbic.

44
Q

The Intralaminar nuclei of the Diffuse projection nuclei can be divided into 3 parts

A

Centromedian
Centrolateral and
parafasiculus

45
Q

Centromedian nuclei of the Intralaminar nuclei of the Diffuse nuclei

A

Centro-median nuclei of the Intralaminar nucle of the Diffuse nuclei. This is the main nucleus of the Intralaminar nuclei because it is implicated with pain as well as with the BG.
RECALL THAT THE CM IS THE THALAMIC NUCLEUS THAT IS IMPLICATED IN THE SPINORETICULAR PWY FOR PAIN ATTENTION. SO THE CM WILL TAKE INFO FROM THE RAS TO THE CORTEX.

46
Q

Centrolateral nuclei of the Intralaminar nuclei of the Diffuse nuclei

A

Receive info from teh reticular formation, but also pain input from the spinothalamic tract. The motor input from the GP and some extracortical input. They project back to the BG. what is important is that these project to not only the BG but to WIDE areas of the cortec tna this ish how it is involved in keeping us alert and attentive. So roles in pain and sleep and wakefulness.

47
Q

Location of the reticular nucleus

A

Outside the major dorsal nuclei. It receives a lot of input from the cortex, and also from teh neighboring specific nuclei in the thalamus, and from the reticular formation of the brainstem. The Reticular nucleus projects back to the thalamic nuclei in order to modulate the activity of the brain.

48
Q

Main Fxn of the diffuse nuclei

A

They are involved with the reticular formation of the brainstem and the RAS. Especially the intralaminar nuclei will project to wide areas of the brain. The overall fx of the diffuse nuclei is to keep you awake and alert.

49
Q

Thalamic neuronal circuit

A

Affernt input from the periphery will go to the thalamic neuronal circuit. This circuit will in turn project to the cerebral cortex, which will also give feedback to the thalamus to modulate its output. There will also be thalamic interneuron that MODIFY this thalamic INPUT b4 it legit gets to the thalamus, and therefore modulate the output neurons that project to the cortex. Therefore there is modulation that is actually going on inside the thalamus.

50
Q

Thalamic syndrome

A

Usually caused by a lesion or a tumor that occurs in the thalamus, but RARE. Thalamic syndrome usually involves damage to the most lateral parts of the thalamus, specifically the VPL.

51
Q

Symptoms of Thalamic Syndrome

A

Initially a transient hemianalgesia, so loss of snsation on the contra side of the body. But painful sensations will appear with noxious stimuli, so different pwy.
Later, the pain will be elicited with non noxious stimuli like light touch or vibration or pressure.
In time, there will be a CONSTANT or PAROXYSMAL (comes and goes) of pain that is NOT provoked by anything, and this a DYSESTHESIA or abnormal sensation.

52
Q

Are neurons sensitized in Thalamic Syndrome

A

No. The threshold for pain is NOT LOWER. However, the threshold is actually RAISED but onece the threshold is reached, you get this STRONG emotional response. So the pain becomes UNBEARABLE.

Neuro Block 4 (7 decks)

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