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Neuro Block 4 > Cerebral Corx > Flashcards

Cerebral Corx Flashcards

1
Q

Fx of Cerbral Cx

A 
The commanding centre of the brain
All sensory integration
Motor Planning and Execution
Memory is stored, consolidated, and retrieved 
Processing of language and speech
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2
Q

Input

A

Thalamus

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3
Q

Projections

A

Thalamus, BG, brainstem, and sp cd, cbm …via the pons

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4
Q

Embryology

A

Made from the telencephalon, which is subdivided into the archicortex, the paleocortex and the neocortex

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5
Q

Archicortex

A

The hippocampus and the dentagte gyrus (deep in the temporal lobe)

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6
Q

Paleocortex

A

The paleocortex is for the olfactory cortex and the processing of smells . Parahippocampal gyrus, uncus etc

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7
Q

Neocortex

A

The huge part of the cortex

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8
Q

Poles of the cerebral cortex

A

1) Frontal
2) Occipital
3) Temporal

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9
Q

Six lobes

A

1) Frontal
2) Parietal
3) Occipial
4) temporal
5) Limbic
6) Insula
the Frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal are the major lobes. The other two are the deeper lobes.

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10
Q

The limbic lobe.

A

Contains the Parahippocampal gyrus, the cingulate gyrus and the amygdala and the hypocampus and the fornix

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11
Q

Mjr blood supply

A

The Circle of Willis

  • ACA for the medial parts
  • MCA for the lateral aspects of the cortex
  • PCA unlike the ACA and MCA will come off the basilar adn not the ICA and it will supply the posterior part of the brain.
  • Ant comm between the two ACA - very short but gives off branches
  • Post comm connects between the PCA to the MCA
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12
Q

Major Drainage

A

The major venous draining starts with the superior sagittal sinus, dural sinus

Then the inferior drains into the straight, and the straight and superior join at the confluence

Then the confluence becomes the transverse and hooks up with the superior petrosal to make the sigmoid, and then the inferior petrosal to get the internal jugular veins.

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13
Q

Weigert stain

A

Weigert stain stains myelinated axons

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14
Q

Nissl

A

Nissl stains the cell bodies

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15
Q

Golgi

A

Golgi stains the entire neuron so dendrite to axon

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16
Q

6 layers of teh neocortex

A

1) Molecular layer
2) External granular layer
3) External pyramidal layer
4) P internal granular layer
5) P internal pyramidal layer
6) Multiform layer

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17
Q

1) Molecular layer of the neocortex

A

The molecular layer is the outermost layer of the neocortex. It is relatively sparse of cell bodies

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18
Q

2) The External granular layer of the neocortex

A

The external granular layer of the neocortex has tiny cells that look like grains of sand

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19
Q

3)The external pyramidal layer of the neocortex

A

The external pyramidal layer of the neocortex is made up of pyramidal cell bodies

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20
Q

4) Internal granular layer

A

More of these small granular somatosensory cell bodies. These are particular important for sensory cortical areas like visual and auditory and somatosensory because layer forur receives a major input from the THALAMUS

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21
Q

5) Internal pyramidal layer

A

The internal pyramidal layers that house the large pyramidal cells that are particularly prominent in the motor layer of the brain. They send axons that project all the way down to the subcortical regions, so these are the cell bodies of the UMN that control all LMN in the body.

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22
Q

6) Multiform layer

A

The multiform layer has MANY different cell types, and the pyramidal cells will reflex back to the thalamus. This is how the cortex influence thalamic input.

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23
Q

Layer 4

A

Layer 4 of the cortex is the layer that the thalamus projects to. It receives input from layer 6 of the cortex, and it lets layer 5 pass through it in order to reach the LMN of the sp cd.

24
Q

Horizontal bands

A

The myelinated fibers form horizontal bands. There are vertical fiber tracts that come in and go out .

25
Q

Pyramidal cell dendrites

A

Apical dendrites that extend upward or basal dendrites that extend laterally.

26
Q

Pyramidal cell axons

A

Extend posteriorly and project to subcortical areas.

27
Q

Some areas that input info to 5

A

The premotor area and SMA. Then project downward to the thalamus and brainstem and spinal cord for movement.

28
Q

Other non-pyramidal cells

A

Interneurons that have a variety of sizes and shpae, most of these are GABAergic and therefore inhibit processes.

29
Q

Functional layers ?

A

The functional layers are more vertical in orientation. So functional columns will extend through all of these layers.

30
Q

Interconnection of columns

A

Columns of cortical neurons are interconnected with columns in the SAME HEMISPHERE as well as between the two hemispheres, but not the same lobe

31
Q

Lesion of area 312, 1* somatosensory cortex

A

Contralateral loss of somasthetic sensation

32
Q

Lesion of area 4, 1* motor gyrus just anterior to area 312

A

Contralateral spastic paralysis

33
Q

Area 17 lesion

A

Contralateral hemianopia. If restricted to upper or lower banks of the Calcarine fissuer –>contralateral superior or inferior quadrantonopia

34
Q

Bilateral lesion of Area 41, 42, Transverse Gyri of Heshl, 1* auditory cortex

A

Loss of hearing

35
Q

area 44, 45 (Broca’s) lesion

A

Motor or expressive aphasia. Speech will be effortful and telegrpahic and agrammatical. Repetition is abolished.

36
Q

Main functional areas of frontal lobe/cortex

A

Prefrontal cortex, Primary motor area: area4, supplementary motor area (SMA), Premotor cortex: area6, Frontal eye field, , Broca’s area, Limbic Orbitofronatal cortex

37
Q

FEF

A

for consensual eye movements

38
Q

PFC

A

Brodman’s 9-12, associated with high intellectual functions so foresight, analytical thinking, personality, decision making, problem solving, so important for EXECUTIVE ACTONS

39
Q

Divisions of the PFC

A

Dorsolateral for working memory, so VERY short memory and ventromedial part that is linked to LIMBIC system so emotions. The ventromedial, VM is the orbitofrontal cortex.

40
Q

Why is the parietal cortex polymodal

A

It receives input from the somatosensory , the visual, and the auditory cortices - so there is INTEGRATION.

41
Q

Divisions of the parietal lobe

A

superior, posterior and inferior

42
Q

Importance of the posterior parietal lobe

A

It is important for the convergence of all modalities and therefore convergence of somatosensation, vision and auttition

43
Q

Inferior parietal

A

Contains the supramarginal and angular gyri. The supramarginal is wrapped around the lateral fissure, and the angular is wrapped around the superior temporal sulcus.

44
Q

Lesion of dominant side

A

Usually left–> astereognosis (area40), aphasia, alexia, agraphia ( area 39) ,

45
Q

Lesion of non-dominant side

A

Usually right –> spatial distortion, contralateral neglect

46
Q

Astereognosis

A

You have normal somatosensation but you do not know the meaning. If you touch something you know the texture and shape but you would not be able to know that it’s a dog or a cup of tea or whaterver - area 40 - supramarginal gyrus

47
Q

Lesion of 1* area 39, angular gyrus

A

Wernicke’s aphasia, alexia= inability to read, agraphia = inability to write.

48
Q

What are the association cortical areas of the occipital lobe

A

Secondary visual cortex: Area 18 or V2, & association cortical areas V3, V4 etc

49
Q

Lesion of the occipital association cortex

A

A variety of visual defects eg achromatopsia and prosopagnosia

50
Q

2 streams hypothesis

A

Dorsolateral and bentrolateral streams: based pn where they go you will get further processing of the information you take in.

51
Q

DL path

A

The dorsolateral stream is the WHERE pathway. This is the one that goes in the direction of the motor cortex and parietal lobe. Therefore helps you to understand where things are in relation to you, and if you lesion this segmsnet you can also experience NEGLECT on the contra side.

52
Q

VM path

A

The ventromedial pathway is the WHAT path. What are you looking at specifically ? There is exquisitely high spacial resolution here, so you will id faces and other structures here at a great degree. The WHAT pathway is more implicity linked to the limbic lobe and function of the body.

53
Q

Wernicke’s , area 22

A

In the superior temporal lobe and involved in language comprehension, left is dominant. Arcuate fasiclulus connect Wernicke’s with Broca’s.

54
Q

Lesion in Wernicke’s, area 22

A

Sensory aphasia. The words can be enunciated but there is no sense of what you are saying. Lesioning the non-dominant side or right will lead to loss of EMOTIONAL understanding of language.

55
Q

Connections within the same hemisphere

A

Corticocortical connections are those within the same hemisphere.

56
Q

Connections with thalamic areas

A

There are reciprocal connections with the appropriate thalamic areas

57
Q

How to communicate across the midline

A

Via the corpus collosum

Neuro Block 4 (7 decks)

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