Diencephalon

Question 1

Epithalamus

Answer 1

Above 3rd ventricle, 3 parts:
- stria medullaris
- habenula
- pineal gland

Question 2

Subthalamus

Answer 2

Has 4 parts:
- zona incerta
- subthalamic nucleus
- rostral part of SN
- rostral part of red nucleus

Question 3

Specific sensory thalamic nuclei

Answer 3

Ventral posterolateral (from medial lemniscus + spinothalamic tract to S1).
Ventral posteromedial (from trigeminal nucleus and gustatory part of Solitary nucleus to S1 and insula for taste).
Lateral geniculate nucleus (from retina to V1).
Medial geniculate nucleus (from inferior colliculi to A1).

Question 4

Specific motor thalamic nuclei

Answer 4

Ventral anterior (from cerebellum (contralateral dentate nucleus) to M1).
Ventral lateral (from basal ganglia to premotor and supplementary motor areas).

Question 5

Limbic specific thalamic nuclei

Answer 5

Anterior nucleus (from mammillary bodies to cingulate gyrus).

Question 6

Association thalamic nuclei

Answer 6

Mediodorsal and laterodorsal (from amygdala, hypothalamus and prefrontal cortex to prefrontal cortex).
Pulvinar and lateral posterior (from P, O, T lobes to POT association areas).

Question 7

Nonspecific thalamic nuclei

Answer 7

Centromedian, intralaminar and midline nuclei. All from basal ganglia and limbic areas to all around cortex and basal ganglia.

Question 8

Reticular nucleus

Answer 8

• covers lateral side of thalamus, separated from thalamus by external medullary lamina
• received 2 excitatory inputs from each thalamic nucleus and sends GABA-ergic projections back to that thalamic nucleus
• regulates thalamic output

Question 9

Corona radiata

Answer 9

Made up of ascending and descending fibres connecting cortex with thalamus and basal ganglia, as well as descending fibres connecting cortex with brainstem and spinal cord.

Question 10

Internal capsule

Answer 10

• anterior thalamic radiation
• superior thalamic radiation
• optic radiation
• auditory radiation
• corticobulbar, -spinal and -pontine

Question 11

Corticopontine tract

Answer 11

Where: all parts of internal capsule
From: all parts of cortex
To: basal ganglia and thalamus

Question 12

Corticobulbar and corticospinal tracts

Answer 12

Where: posterior limb
From: M1
To: basal ganglia and thalamus

Question 13

Anterior thalamic radiation

Answer 13

Where: anterior limb
From mediodorsal nucleus to prefrontal cortex.
From anterior nucleus to cingulate gyrus.

Question 14

Superior thalamic radiation

Answer 14

Where: posterior limb
From ventral posterior nucleus to S1.
From ventral anterior and ventral lateral nucleus to premotor cortex and S1.

Question 15

Optic radiation

Answer 15

Where: retrolenticular part
From: lateral geniculate nucleus.
To: V1.

Question 16

Auditory radiation

Answer 16

Where: sublenticular part.
From: medial geniculate nucleus.
To: A1

Question 17

Fornix

Answer 17

Made up of projection fibres from hippocampus to hypothalamus.

Question 18

Projection fibres

Answer 18

Connect left and right hemispheres.
Corpus callosum (connects frontal, parietal, occipital and parts of temporal lobe).
Anterior commissure (connects inferior temporal lobes).
Hippocampal commissure (connects two hippocampi, aka. commissure of fornix).

Question 19

Association fibres

Answer 19

Intrahemispheric.
- short assoc fibres
- superior longitudinal fasciculus (FPO)
- inferior longitudinal fasciculus (OT)
- arcuate fasciculus (FT)
- uncinate fasciculus (FT)
- cingulum (limbic)