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IHO Week 2 > Diebel- Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Diebel- Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Give a short description of the adaptive immune response.

A
  1. Antigen binds and lymphocyte is activated and begins to proliferate.
  2. Clone of identical cells is produced.
  3. Cells that can recognize an antigen doubles.
  4. Some cells begin to differentiate, and secrete antibodies which can recognize the antigen better and faster.
  5. Once you have enough clones you have enough cells to fight the infection and you recover!
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2
Q

What is an epitope?

A

A small part of an antigenic molecule that fits into a lymphocytes receptors.

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3
Q

How long does it take for activation of the adaptive immune response? How long does it take to generate memory?

A

7-10 days for activation

Its hard for B and T lymphocytes w/ identical antigen recognition sequences to find each other.

An extra 1-5 days for memory.

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4
Q

What are the 2 lymphocytes that mediate adaptive immunity? What do they do?

A

B and T cells

Recognize and remove foregin substances

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5
Q

How do B and T cells differ in how they protect your body?

A

B cells- extracellular spaces of the body (fluids, blood, secretions), release antibodies into the fluids

T cells- survey the SURFACES of the body’s cells, look for cells that have parasites, are changed or mutated)

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6
Q

What is the difference between humoral and cell-mediated immunity?

A

Humoral- B cells, antibodies, fluids

Cell-mediated- T cells, must attach TO the cell

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7
Q

What is the difference between class I and class II MHC molecules?

A

MHCI- Synthesized IN the cell. Expressed on all cell surfaces except RBC.

MHCII-antigens are products of phagocytosis. Expressed on monocytes/ macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells, and epithelial cells.

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8
Q

MHCI is recognized by what cells?

A

CD8 killer T cells

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9
Q

MHCII is recognized by what cells?

A

CD4 helper T cells

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10
Q

Where do you find mature B and T cells?

A

Blood
lymph nodes
spleen

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11
Q

How does a Helper T cell work?

A
  1. T cell recognizes/binds antigens (epitope) presented by dendritic cells w/ their epitope.
  2. This ACTIVATES the T cell. It proliferates and travels to the place where the antigen has invaded.
  3. There, they’re stimulated by local APCs to release lymphokines.
  4. Lymphokines attract monocytes and macrophages (Neutrophils first!)
  5. Phagocytosis, destruction, repair and you get better!
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12
Q

How does a cytotoxic T cell work and what does it target?

A

It kills any body cells that has abnormal molecules

  • viruses
  • cancer
  • donor graft cells
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13
Q

How do B cells work?

A
  1. Recognize antigen via surface receptors.
  2. Become activated and proliferate.
  3. Release antibodies (soluble versions of receptors) that go do their work
  4. Mediate phagocytosis/complement activation
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14
Q

In summary how do B and T cells work?

A

B cells- secrete antibodies

T cells- secrete lymphokines

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15
Q

What CDs are found on T cells and which ones are specifically a part of the TCR complex?

A

CD3- part of TCR complex
CD4- helper
CD8- cytotoxic
CD23- subset

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16
Q

What CDS are found on B cells and which ones are specifically a part of the BCR complex?

A 
CD1
CD19
CD20
CD23
CD40
CD79a/b (part of the BCR complex)
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17
Q

What does a helper T cell do? What does it do to infection? A transplant kidney?

A

Kills pathogens!

Recognizes antigens and makes a lymphokine that attracts thousands of macrophages to the area where the antigen has been recognized.

Inflammation wipes out serious infection/ transplanted kidney.

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18
Q

What do Th17 cells do?

A

Cause focused inflammation.
More powerful than Th1.
Implicated in forms of autoimmunity.

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19
Q

What do Th2 cells do?

A

Wall off pathogens and promote healing.

Occurs after pathogen killing Th1 response.

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20
Q

Which helper T cell is important in parasite immunity?

A

Th2

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21
Q

Which cytokine is involved with Th1 differentiation?

A

IL-12

IFNy

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22
Q

Which cytokine is involved with Th2 differentiation?

A

IL-4

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23
Q

Which cytokine is involved with Th17 differentiation?

A

IL-6

TGFb

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24
Q

What does IL-2 do?

A

Initiate the differentiation of T cells into Helper T.

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25
Q

What T cell helps B cells get activated and make the IgM, IgG, IgE and IgA antibody subclasses?

A

Tfh (follicular helper)

26
Q

What T cell makes cytokines that keep the immune system in check? (suppress the activation/ function of Th1, Th17, Th2 cells)

A

Treg

27
Q

What do killer T cells do?

A

Destroy and BODY cell that looks foreign or has an abnormal antigen on its surface.

28
Q

What does CD 4 do and what cells have it?

A

CD4 increases the infinity of T cells for the antigen and helps get them activated. All cells but killer cells have CD4. Killer cells have CD8.

29
Q

How are T cells activated?

A
  1. Recognition of MHC (HLA) bound antigen

2. Binding of CD4-Class II, or CD8 binding to ClassI

30
Q

What IL are general activators of T cells?

A

IL-2 and IL 15

31
Q

What IL drives Th to Th1 subtypes?

A

IL-12

IFNy

32
Q

What IL drives Th to Th2

A

IL-4

33
Q

What does IL-10 do?

A

Down regulates Th1

34
Q

What down regulates Th1 and Th2 subtypes?

A

TGF-B

35
Q

Imagine you’ve been exposed to a virus. The virus enters the body and makes a small local infection. Luckily, it is soon eaten by a dendritic cell. The antigen is partially digested. Peptides from it are loaded on special antigen presenting molecules (MHCII) and recycled to the surface of the cell. What happens next?

A

The dendritic cell travels to a lymph node or the spleen.

T cell passes by and recognizes the antigen on the MHCII.

The T cell becomes activated and gets into kick butt mode.

36
Q

What happens when a CTL gets stimulated?

A

CTL parouse the body for fragments on MHCI molecules. Once it’s activated it proliferates. When a daughter CTL binds a cell with the same super bad peptide it delivers a lethal hit and tells the cell to commit suicide.

37
Q

What are the two ways that CTLs kill?

A

FAS ligand interaction
T cells w/ fas ligand bind to Fas (protein on a target cell)–> caspace activation–> apoptosis

Secreting toxic agents

38
Q

What are the three toxic agents that killer T cells secrete to murder other cells?

A

TNF- cyotkine–> apoptosis
Peforin- pore-forming protein
Granzymes–> induce apoptosis

39
Q

What is the T cell maturation process?

A

T cells migrate form bone marrow to thymus. Maturation is the process when selection occurs.

40
Q

What is positive selection?

A

Making sure T cells have a functional T cell receptor that can recognize MHCI/II

41
Q

What is negative selection?

A

Making sure T cells don’t kill host body cells.

T cells that recognize self antigens on MHCII are driven to apoptosis.

42
Q

How does B cell activation differ from T cell activation?

A

B cell receptors require antigen alone to be activated. Don’t need an associated MHC like T cells.

43
Q

Describe B cell activation.

A

B cell binds antigen. Once bound, the B cell is activated. It proliferates and differentiates (w/ help from Tfh cell).

44
Q

What is the name of a fully differentiated B cell and what does it do?

A

Plasma cell

Secretes antibodies that can neutralize a toxin, or prevent a microorganism from binding to a target cell

45
Q

How many classes of antibodies are there?

A

5

D G M A E

46
Q

What is the most abundant antibody in the body?

A

IgG

47
Q

What does IgG do?

A

2 adjacent IgG molecules bind antigen of a bacterium. This activates complement.
Complement can lyse a bacterium by making holes in its membrane or it can attract phagocytic cells like PMNs.

48
Q

What is the only class of antibody that can pass from mother to fetus in humans.

A

IgG

**this is why it’s important to protect a newborn until it can get it’s own IgG synthesis going.

49
Q

What is IgM and how does it differ from IgG?

A

Polymeric immunoglobin

IgM is MUCH better at activating complement than IgG.

50
Q

Which antibody appears first IgM or IgG?

A

IgM appears first than is replaced by IgG afetr a week or 2.

51
Q

What is IgD?

A

Main form of Ab inserted into B cell membranes as their antigen receptor.

52
Q

What is the antibody found in secretions (saliva, tears, intestinal fluids, milk?

A

IgA

53
Q

When does IgA acquire the secretory component? What does it do?

A

IgA acquires the secretory component as it’s passing through epithelial cells to be secreted.

SC is prevents the degradation of IgA which is important since it hangs out in mucous membranes.

54
Q

What does IgE do?

A

Attaches to mast cells in tissues and cause the release of mediators that produce allergy sx.

Upon encountering an antigen it causes mast cell to make pgs, lkeuks, and cytokines and causes it to release its granules like histamine which are all mediators of inflammation.

55
Q

What is the real role of IgE related to?

A

Resistance to parasites, like worms.

56
Q

Which antibody is favored at mucous membranes and plays a role in establishing local immunity? What vaccine is this related to?

A

IgA- trap viruses before they can enter body

This is how the polio vaccine works–Ab line mucous membranes of gut

57
Q

Which antibody is favored at the lymph nodes or spleen?

A

First IgM
then IgG

Both bind pathogens as they circulate.

58
Q

What is Type I hypersensitivity?

A

Allergies

Pts who make too much IgE in response to pollen/food.

59
Q

What is Type II hypersensitivity?

A

Autoimmunity due to antibodies which react against self.

Hemolytic disease of the newborn (maternal Abs to fetal blood group destroy fetal RBCs)

Myasthenia Gravis- Abs to Ach receptors cause problems w/ nerve conduction

Good pasture’s syndrome- Abs to basement membranes cause nephritis

60
Q

What is type III hypersensitivity?

A

Antibody against a soluble antigen.

Complexes of antigen and antibody get trapped in basement membranes of capillaries they circulate through. The trapped complexes activate complement–> arthritis, glomerulonephritis, pleurisy, rash.

61
Q

How does SLE work?

A

Ppl w/ SLE make antibody to their own DNA

Type III

62
Q

How does RA work?

A

PPl w/ RA make antibody to antibody

Type III

IHO Week 2 (11 decks)

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