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Fundamental of Nursing > Diagnostic Testing > Flashcards

Diagnostic Testing Flashcards

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1
Q

Tests

A

What are used to confirm a diagnostic, monitor illness, and provide valuable information about the client’s response to treatment.

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2
Q

Platelets

A

Are cells that help blood clots

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3
Q

Normal finding of platelets

A

150,000 - 400, 000 pL

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4
Q

HDL-C (High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol)

A

A class of lipoprotein produced by the liver and intestines. Also considered as the “Good” cholesterol.

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5
Q

What is the nursing care after the procedure of UGIS or LGIS if patient is experiencing constipation after Barium sulfate?

A

Laxative

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6
Q

To further enhance the excretion of Barium Sulfate?

A

Increase fluid intake

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7
Q

Inform the client that stool is (answer) for (answer) hours after the procedure

A

white: 24-72 hours

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8
Q

Are often routinely ordered for any client admitted in the hospital as a screening test for electrolyte and acid-based imbalances

A

Serum Electrolytes

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9
Q

May be considered as a Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP)

A

Serum Electrolytes

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10
Q

The most commonly ordered serum tests are:

A

Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
Bicarbonate ions

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11
Q

routinely used to evaluate renal function

A

Urea and Creatinine

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12
Q

This test evaluates suspected arteriosclerosis and measures the body’s ability to metabolize fat

A

Lipoprotein profile

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13
Q

An increase of Triglycerides includes…

A

Hyperlipoproteinemia, acute MI, hypertension, hypotension

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14
Q

A decrease of Triglycerides includes…

A

Hyperthyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, protein malnutrition, exercise.

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15
Q

How many triglycerides in 12-29 year old patients?

A

10-140 mg/oL

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16
Q

How many triglycerides in 30-39 year old patients?

A

20-150 mg/oL

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17
Q

How many triglycerides in 40-49 year old patients?

A

30-150 mg/oL

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18
Q

How many triglycerides in >50 years old patients?

A

40-190 mg/oL

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19
Q

In clients with urinary alterations, what are the visualization procedures to evaluate kidney function?

A

Kidney, Ureters, and Bladder (KUB) Intravenous Pyelography (IVP), Retrograde Pyelography

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20
Q

What are the stages of Specimen Collection?

A

1) Provide client comfort, privacy and safety.

2) Explain the purpose of the specimen collection and the procedure for obtaining the specimen

3) Use the correct procedure for obtaining a specimen or ensure that the client or staff follows correct procedure.

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21
Q

What is the major focus of the pretest phase?

A

Client preparation

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22
Q

Prior to radiologic tests, it is important to ask female patients if (answer) is possible.

A

Pregnancy

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23
Q

What is the measure of the solute concentration of the blood?

A

Serum Osmolality

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24
Q

Included in serum osmolality are…

A

Sodium ions
Glucose
Urea (BUN)

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25
Q

How do you estimate serum osmolality?

A

Doubling the serum sodium

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26
Q

What is the purpose of a stool specimen?

A

To determine the presence of occult blood.

To analyze for dietary secretions.

To detect the presence of ova and parasites in stool.

To detect the presence of bacteria and viruses

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27
Q

Direct visualization using a cystoscope

A

Cystoscopy

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28
Q

This phase focuses on the nursing care of client and follow-up activities and observations.

A

Posttest

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29
Q

is often conducted when a client is taking a medication with a narrow therapeutic range.

A

Therapeutic drug monitoring

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30
Q

Indicates the highest concentration of the drug in the blood serum

A

Peak level

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31
Q

Indicates the lowest concentration of the drug in the blood serum

A

Trough level

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32
Q

a commonly used diagnostic tool to evaluate the partial pressure of gas in blood and acid-based content.

A

Blood gas analysis

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33
Q

Specimens of arterial blood are taken from the…

A

Radial, Brachial or femoral arteries

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34
Q

Prevent (answer) by applying pressure to the punction site for about (answer) minutes after removing the needle.

A

Hemorrhaging: 5-10 minutes

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35
Q

Other name for Guaiac Stool Examination

A

Occult Blood Examination

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36
Q

Provides a graphic recording of the heart’s electrical activity.

A

Electrocardiography

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37
Q

Are recorded through an electrocardiogram or ECG

A

Waves

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38
Q

What should you consider in Nursing diagnoses?

A

1) Anxiety
2) Lack of knowledge
3) Fear

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39
Q

Common chemistry examinations include…

A

1) Lactic Dehydrogenase (LDH)
2) Creatine Kinase (CK)
3) Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)
4) Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)
5) Serum glucose, hormones such as Thyroid hormone, and other substances such as cholesterol and triglycerides

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40
Q

To assess a client’s response to an increased cardiac workload during exercise

A

Stress Electrocardiography

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41
Q

Commonly used diagnostic tests that can provide information about hematologic system and many other body systems.

A

Blood tests

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42
Q

Performed through a venipuncture

A

Blood tests

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43
Q

Urine specimens

A

1) Clean Voided Urine Specimens
2) Clean Catch or Midstream Urine
3) Timed Urine Specimen
4) Indwelling Catheter Specimen

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44
Q

puncture of a vein for collection of a blood specimen

A

Venipuncture

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45
Q

Usually done on the first voided specimen in the morning because it tends to have a higher, more uniform concentration, and a higher pH

A

Clean Voided Urine Specimens

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46
Q

Done when a urine culture is ordered when identifying the microorganisms causing UTI

A

Clean Catch or Midstream Urine

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47
Q

A collection of all urine produced and voided over a specific period of time ranging from 1 to 2 hours or 24 hours

A

Timed Urine Specimen

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48
Q

What should you do to preserve and avoid decompressions of urine components

A

Refrigerate or contain preservatives

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49
Q

Urine specimen is contained from a closed drainage systems by inserting a sterile needle to a syringe attached to a drainage port in the tubing.

A

Indwelling Catheter Specimen

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50
Q

Include hemoglobin and hematocrit measurements

A

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

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51
Q

An invasive procedure wherein a radiopaque dye is injected into the vessel to be examined

A

Angiography

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52
Q

In urine testing, what is an indicator of urine concentration or the amount of solutes present in the urine (metabolic wastes and electrolytes)

A

Specific Gravity

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53
Q

What are the tools used to measure specific gravity in urine testing?

A

Urinometer
Hydrometer
Spectrometer
Refractometer

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54
Q

What is the normal specific gravity in urine testing?

A

1.010 - 1.025

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55
Q

In urine testing, increased specific gravity indicates…

A

Fluid deficit or dehydration

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56
Q

Non-invasive tests that uses ultrasound to visualize structures of the heart and evaluate left ventricular function.

A

Echocardiogram

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57
Q

The main intracellular protein of erythrocytes

A

Hemoglobin (HGB)

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58
Q

It is the Iron containing protein in the RBC that transports oxygen through the body

A

Hemoglobin (HGB)

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59
Q

In blood chemistry, what is the common laboratory test?

A

glycosylated hemoglobin or hemoglobin AIC (HbAIC) test

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60
Q

is a reflection of how well blood glucose levels have been controlled during the prior 3 to 4 months

A

Hemoglobin AIC

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61
Q

The normal range of Hemoglobin AIC

A

4.0 % to 5.6 %

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62
Q

The acidity and alkalinity of urine

A

Urinary pH

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63
Q

Urine pH decreases; kidney excretes H ions

A

Metabolic Acidosis

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64
Q

Urine pH increases

A

Metabolic Alkalosis

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65
Q

In Blood Chemistry, it is the first specific blood used to detect and guide treatment for heart failure

A

Brain natriuretic peptide or B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) test

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66
Q

What ventricle secretes Brain natriuretic peptide or B-type natriuretic peptide?

A

Left Ventricle

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67
Q

BNP level (answer) as heart failure becomes more severe

A

Increases

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68
Q

(answer) are routinely screened for (answer)

A

Newborns: Congenital metabolic conditions

69
Q

Tests for phenylketonuria (PKU) and hypothyroidism

A

Metabolic screening

70
Q

Conditions that are frequently screened in metabolic screening are…

A

Sickle cell disease and galactosemia

71
Q

Metabolic screening involves collecting of…

A

Peripheral Venous Blood (via a heel stick)

72
Q

Measures the percentage of RBC’s in the total blood volume

A

Hematocrit (HCT)

73
Q

A fast way to determine percentage of RBCs in the plasma

A

Hematocrit or packed cell volume

74
Q

reported as the percentage because it is the concentration of RBCs in the blood

A

HCT

75
Q

A visualization of the larynx

A

Laryngoscopy

76
Q

An invasive procedure with the use of laryngoscope

A

Laryngoscopy

77
Q

Hematocrit percentage for Men and Women.

A

Men: 40-54 %
Women: 36-46 %

78
Q

An increase in Hematocrit indicates

A

Dehydration
Hypervolemia
Diabetic Acidosis
Burns

79
Q

An decrease in Hematocrit indicates

A

Acute Blood Loss
Pregnancy
Dietary Deficits
Anemia

80
Q

Presence of blood in urine

A

Occult Blood

81
Q

Blood in urine is indicative of …

A

Damage to kidneys or urinary tracts

82
Q

Measure of the solute concentration of urine

A

Osmolality

83
Q

Used to monitor fluid and electrocyte balance

A

Osmolality

84
Q

Normal value of Osmolality

A

50-1200 mOsm/kg

85
Q

Average urine osmolality

A

200-800 mOsm/kg

86
Q

An increase in urine osmolality indicates…

A

Fluid volume deficit

87
Q

A decrease in urine osmolality indicates…

A

Fluid volume excess

88
Q

A visualization of the bronchi with the use of bronchoscope

A

Bronchoscopy

89
Q

Taken to measure current blood glucose level when frequent tests are required or venipuncture cannot be performed

A

Capillary Blood Glucose

90
Q

In Capillary Blood Glucose, what is the lateral aspect of the fingers or earlobe when the patient is in shock or edematous fingers

A

Site

91
Q

Normal value of blood circulating glucose

A

4-6 mmoL/L or 72.108 mg/oL

91
Q

A painless non-invasive x-ray procedure that has the capability of distinguishing the density of tissues

A

Computed Tomography

92
Q

Also called CT scanning, computerized tomography or computerized axial tomography (CAT)

A

Computed Tomography

93
Q

Formerly known as Serum Glutamic-Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT)

A

ALT (Alanine Aminotransferase)

94
Q

ALT Adult Normal findings

A

10-35 units/L

95
Q

An increased of ALT indicates

A

Acute viral hepatitis
Necrosis of the liver
Cirrhosis
Heart failure
Acute Alcohol intoxication

95
Q

Marker of hepatic injury

A

ALT (Alanine Transferase)

96
Q

A decrease of ALT indicates

A

Exercise

97
Q

Is the mucus secretion from the lungs, bronchi and trachea.

A

Sputum

98
Q

Do healthy individuals produce Sputum?

A

No

99
Q

Noninvasive scanning technique in which the client is placed in a magnetic field

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

100
Q

commonly used for the visualization of the brain, spine, limbs, joints, heart, blood vessels, abdomen and pelvis

A
101
Q

The mean or average size of the individual RBC

A

Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)

102
Q

Average Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)

A

80-98 um3

103
Q

An increase in Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) indicates…

A

Chronic liver Disease, Pernicious Anemia

104
Q

A decrease in Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) indicates…

A

Iron deficiency Anemia, Lead poisoning

105
Q

Reasons for collecting Sputum

A

For culture and sensitivity
For Cytology
For Acid-fast bacillus
To assess effectiveness of therapy

106
Q

is collected from the mucosa of the oropharynx and tonsillar regions using a culture swab

A

Throat Culture

107
Q

Technique for visualizing body organ and system functions

A

Visualization procedures

108
Q

In clients with Gastrointestinal alterations, Indirect visualization are considered as…

A

Non-invasive procedures

109
Q

In clients with Gastrointestinal alterations, direct visualization are considered as…

A

Invasive procedures

110
Q

In MRI, client is provided with two-way communication system to relieve the feeling of…

A

Claustrophobia

111
Q

MRI may take (answer) minutes

A

60-90 minutes

111
Q

A component of protein produced by the liver

A

Albumin

112
Q

Average Albumin in Adults

A

3.5 - 5.0 g/dL or 52-68% protein

113
Q

A decrease in Albumin indicates

A

Cirrhosis of the liver, acute liver failure, severe burns, severe malnutrition, renal disorders.

113
Q

An increase in Albumin indicates

A

Dehydration

114
Q

Viewing of the anal canal

A

Anoscopy

115
Q

Viewing of the rectum

A

Proctoscopy

116
Q

Involves the therapeutic use of radioactive isotopes for diagnostic purposes

A

Nuclear Imaging Studies

117
Q

Average Ammonia in Adults

A

15-25 mog/dL

117
Q

A by-product of protein metabolism which is ejected by the kidneys

A

Ammonia

118
Q

An increase in Ammonia indicates

A

Liver disease
Cirrhosis
Reye Syndrome
Heart failure

119
Q

A decrease in Ammonia indicates

A

Renal failure
Hypertension

120
Q

Noninvasive radiologic study that involves the inhalation and injection of radioisotope.

A

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan

121
Q

Count of the total number of WBCs in cubic millimeter of blood

A

WBC count

122
Q

Average WBC count in Adults

A

4500-10,000 per microliter

123
Q

An increase in WBC count indicates

A

Acute infections, tissue necrosis, Collagen diseases

124
Q

A decrease in WBC count indicates

A

Viral infections, hematopoietic disease, Rheumatoid Arthritis

125
Q

Viewing of the rectum and the sigmoid

A

Lower GI endoscopy
Proctosigmoidoscopy

126
Q

Average neutrophils

A

50-70 percent

127
Q

An increase in neutrophils indicates

A

Acute infections

128
Q

A decrease in neutrophils indicates

A

Viral diseases, Leukemia, Aplastic and Iron Deficiency Anemia

129
Q

Average Lymphocytes count

A

25-35 percent

130
Q

An increase in Lymphocytes indicates

A

Viral infections, Chronic infections, Lymphocytic Leukemia

131
Q

A decrease in Lymphocytes indicates

A

Cancer, Leukemia, Multiple Necrosis, Renal Failure

132
Q

Monocytes count

A

4-6 percent

133
Q

An increase in Monocyte count indicates

A

Viral infection, Hodgkin’s disease

134
Q

A decrease in Monocyte count indicates

A

Lymphocytic Leukemia, Aplastic Anemia

135
Q

A procedure used to obtain fluid from abdominal cavity caused by ascites

A

Abdominal Paracentesis

136
Q

Accumulation of fluid in Abdominal cavity

A

Ascites

137
Q

Average Myoglobin in Males

A

20-90 ng/ml

138
Q

Average Myoglobin in Females

A

12-75 ng/ml

139
Q

After an MI, serum levels of myoglobin rises in (answer). making it an early marker for muscle damage in MI

A

2-4hours

140
Q

An increase in Myoglobin indicates

A

MI, Angina, other muscle injury, renal failure, severe burns

141
Q

A decrease in Myoglobin indicates

A

Not clinically significant

142
Q

X-rays of the GIT can detect strictures, obstructions, tumors, ulcers, inflammatory disease or other structural changes such as hiatal hemias.

A

Roentgenography

143
Q

Average Basophil count

A

0.4 - 10 percent

144
Q

An increase in Basophil count indicates

A

Leukemia, inflammation process

145
Q

A decrease in Basophil count indicates

A

Hypersensitivity reaction, Stress, Pregnancy

146
Q

Average Troponin I count

A

<0.1-0.5 ng/mL

147
Q

Average Troponin T count

A

<0.2 ng/mL

148
Q

What type of Troponin is highly concentrated in the heart muscle

A

Cardiac Troponin

149
Q

This test is used in the early diagnosis in MI

A

Cardiac Troponin

150
Q

The removal of excess fluid in the pleural cavity (lungs)

A

Thoracentesis

151
Q

What type of cell that helps blood clot

A

Platelets

152
Q

Normal findings of platelet count

A

150,000 - 400,000 per microliter

153
Q

An increase in platelet count is indication of…

A

Pulmonary embolism, Polycythemia vera, Acute blood loss, Splenectomy

154
Q

A decrease in platelet count is indication of…

A

Idiopathic (unknown causes), Thrombocytopenic purpura, Cancer, Systematic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

155
Q

Visualization of the esophagus, stomach, duodenum and jejunum

A

Barium Swallow / Upper Gi series

156
Q

Visualization of the lower GI tract or the colon

A

Barium enema/ Lower GI series

157
Q

The removal of a specimen of bone marrow for laboratory study

A

Bone marrow biopsy

158
Q

Sites of Bone marrow biopsy

A

Sternum, Iliac crests, anterior or posterior iliac spines and proximal tibia in children

159
Q

is preferred wherein client is placed in a prone position or side lying

A

Posterior Superior Iliac Crest

160
Q

Average cholesterol in Adults

A

<200 mg/dL

161
Q

An important screening test for heart disease

A

Lipoprotein profile (cholesterol)

162
Q

An increase in cholesterol indicates

A

Acute MI, atherosclerosis, hypothyroidism, cholangitis

163
Q

A decrease in cholesterol indicates

A

Hyperthyroidism, malnutrition, chronic anemic

Fundamental of Nursing (6 decks)

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