Diagnostic testing Flashcards
This type of imaging determines anatomic abnormalities and pathological processes within the chest
chest radiographs
This image shows what pathological process and is associated with what pathologies
diffuse alveolar filling pattern ( lung is filled with fluid)
associated with HF, ARDs, and COVID
This type of imaging is used to diagnose tumors vs. calcifications or nodules. It involves narrow beam of x-rays.
Computed tomography
True or false: computed tomography can detect pneumothorax or effusions
true
This type of imaging is the gold standard for finding embolisms. Embolisms can be read as complete obstruction, intraluminal filing defects, or decrease in flow rate. A disadvantage is it’s very time consuming.
Pulmonary Arteriography
This type of imaging is used to evaluate chest wall processes. It can be used for those with a mass or nodule on an abnormal chest radiograph.
Magnetic Reasonance Imaging ( MRI)
This type of imaging measures regional distribution of pulmonary blood flow in the lungs. also rule out pulmonary emboli
Ventilation and Perfusion scans
This type of imaging looks at pathological changes in bronchial wall and lumen
Bronchography
This type of imaging uses a scope to assess for infection and can clear viscous secretions. It can look at hard to see places in the bronchial tree
Fiberoptic bronchoscopy
This pulmonary test includes a max inhale followed by max exhale. Data obtained: FVC, FEV, FVC, and VC.
Spirometry
Total Lung Capacity formula
vital capacity + residual volume
Graphic tracing that test lung volume and capacity is called
spirogram
Pulmonary Function Testing: **gas flow rates **
gives information on actual function of lungs, degree of —– , and general —–
= impairment
= location
Pulmonary Function testing: tests of diffusion
measures —– of function of the —– —–
The 3 factors that cause abnormal values are x , y , and z
integrity of function of the lung unit
x = distance
y = blood flow
z = breathing ability ( ventilation)
Tests of diffusion look at amount of gas entering —– —— —– per unit of time
This is relative to the difference partial pressures of gas in —- and —–
pulmonary blood flow
alveoli and pulmonary blood
Test looks at how good lung is pulling gas from alveoli
This pulmonary function test gives a visual representation of what is happening in the lungs during forced inspiration and expiration
Flow volume loop
This flow volume loop is showing what ?
vital capacity
Volume decrease going right ( expiration)
Volume increase going left ( inspiration)
This graph shows what type of lung pathology.
obstructive lung pathology
Higher residual volume –> Air trapping
This graph shows type of lung pathology.
restrictive lung pathology
less air in
Pulmonary function tests: predicted results are based on age, —–, height, —-, and ——
gender, weight, and race
arterial blood gases
Normal value for pH
7.40
normal value for pCO2
40 mmHg
normal value for pO2
97 mmHg
normal value for HCO3- ( bicarbonate)
24 mmHg
normal value for oxygen saturation ( %)
97 %
—– directly reflects adequacy of alveolar ventilation
PaCO2
hyperventilation: what is the PaCO2 value
PaCO2 <40 mm Hg
less than sign
( Increase depth of breathing – decrease CO2)
hypoventilation: what is the PaCO2 value
PaCO2 >40 mm Hg
more than sign
(decrease depth of breathing - increase CO2)
Vent failure: what is the PaCO2
PaCO2 >50 mm Hg
more than sign
To accurately determine the severity and nature of the illness you need to look at the relationship —– and —–
arterial pH and arterial CO2 tension
Acid base balance: Assessment blood pH—nature and magnitude of these 2 disorders
lung and metabolic disorders
pH < 7.4 is ——
acidemia
“ less than acid”
In acidemia what is low and high with HCO3 and PaCO2 ?
Low HCO3 = metabolic acidosis
High PaCO2 ( alveolar HYPOventilation, hypercapnia)
pH > 7.4 is —-
alkalemia
“ high alkitude”
In alkalemia what is low and high with HCO3 and PaCO2 ?
High HCO3 - metabolic alkolosis
Low PaCO2 - alveolar HYPERventilation, hypocapnia
normal PaO2 is between this range
80 to 100 mmHg
mildly hypoxemia has range from —- to —- mmHg
60 to 80 mmHg
moderately hypoxemia has range from —- to —- mmHg
40 to 60 mmHg
severely hypoxemia has range from —- to —- mmHg
40 mmHg
arterial blood gases are —- dependent
time dependent
venous blood gases can provide status of —- and —
pH and PaCO2
a higher carbon dioxide will be a —– pH
a lower carbon dioxide will be a —– pH
Higher CO2 – ph lower
Lower CO2 – ph higher
Oximetry is a measurement of
oxygehemoglobin saturation
results = O2 Hb%
anemia is — hemoglobin, — RBC and — hemotocrit
low Hb, low RBC, and low hematocrit
Polycythemia is —– in hemoglobin, —- RBC , and — hematocrit
increase in all 3
leukoctyosis is —- WBC
leukopenia is —- WBC
leukocytosis - increased WBC
Leukopenia - decreased WBC
Norm range for INR values
normal: .8 to 1.1
lower INR is at risk for ?
higher INR is at risk for ?
lower INR = clot risk
higher INR = hemorrhage risk
