Diagnostic imaging of the urinary tract

Question 1

Why is plain radiographs limited in imaging urinary tract

Answer 1

Soft tissue and fluid same opacity
Right kidney can be blocked by kidney
Bladder cannot be seen when empty
Relies on marked opacity/size

Question 2

Renal size v length of 2nd lumbar veterbra equation

Answer 2

Dog: 2.5-3-5
Cat: N: 1.9-2.6/ E: 2.1-3.2

Question 3

Radiographic contrast study is useful for assessment for what?

Answer 3

Intrapelvic structure-Urethra
Bladder ruptures

Question 4

What is negative contrast medium

Answer 4

Air/ CO2

Question 5

What is positive contrast medium used

Answer 5

Iodine based

Question 6

All contrast studies should be preceded by?

Answer 6

Plain radiograph
Enema

Question 7

Where to inject contrast when imaging kidney and ureter

Answer 7

Cephalic vein

Question 8

Where to inject contrast urethera and bladder

Answer 8

Retrograde injection in oriface

Question 9

What is positive contrast cystogram

Answer 9

Used for bladder rupture
Catheter in bladder injected iodine

Question 10

What is negative contrast cystogram

Answer 10

Used to see bladder position and bladder wall thickness
Used air

Question 11

What is double contrast cystogram

Answer 11

Combination 1.5ml of contrast then air
Most useful- does both

Question 12

What is retrograde urethrogram

Answer 12

Males
Cathether in urethra- positive contrast injected
Urethra and prostate

Question 13

What is retrograde vaginaurethrogram

Answer 13

Females
Catheter through vulva
Vestibule,vagina and urethra

Question 14

3 characteristics of kidney that should be noted when during ultrasound

Answer 14

Shape
Size
Corticomedullary difference

Question 15

Which kidney harder to find and why

Answer 15

Right kidney
Hiding behind ribs

Question 16

Acute kidney disease presentation on ultrasound

Answer 16

Parenchymal change
Rounded, hazy kidney
Reduced corticomedullary definition
Could be normal

Question 17

Chronic kidney disease presentation on ultrasound

Answer 17

Heterogenous corticles
Reduced definition

Question 18

Normal thickness of bladder wall

Answer 18

1mm-2mm

Question 19

Wall changes in cystitis

Answer 19

> 0.2
Bladder distended
Thickening could be diffuse or local

Question 20

Bladder masses from TCC is most commonly located?

Answer 20

At the bladder neck

Question 21

Bladder calculi presentation of ultrasound

Answer 21

Hyperechoic margin
Distal Acoustic shadowing

Question 22

Why is finding bladder stones better to use ultrasound

Answer 22

Cystein and urate crystals are radio lucent

Question 23

Landmark to find prostate on ultrasound

Answer 23

Proximal urethra- full bladder (easier to spot)

Question 24

Paraprostatic cyst

Answer 24

Outwith prostate
Mineralised rim with radiographs
Hard to differentiate from bladder when using U/S

Question 25

Best imaging to diagnose ectopic ureter

Answer 25

CT
Contrast study radiographs