Diagnostic imaging Flashcards by Milagros Andrea Alemania Mateo

What is the unit of radiation exposure or intensity?
a.Roentgen
b.Rad
c.Rem
d.Curie

Roentgen

Rad:unit of radiation absorbed dose
Rem:devices used to monitor occupational exposure
Curie:unit of radioactivity, quantity of radioactive material

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Xrays produce when the projectile electrons interact with the inner shell electrons.
a. Characteristic xrays
b.General
c. Continuous
d.Bremsstrahlung

Characteristic xrays

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Xrays produce when the projectile electrons interacts with the nucleus of a target atom
a. Characteristic xrays
b. Line Xrays
c. Minor
d. Bremsstrahlung

Bremsstrahlung

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Type of xray interaction occurs when an incident x-ray is totally absorbed during the ionization of an inner-shell electron
a. Photoelectric effect
b.Compton Effect
c. Coherent Scattering
d.Pair Production

Photoelectric effect

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Type of xray interaction occurs when the incident x-rays interacts with an outer shell electron and ejects it from the atom thereby ionizing the atom
a. Photoelectric effect
b.Compton Effect
c. Coherent Scattering
d.Pair Production

Compton Effect

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Type of xray interaction that results to a change in direction of the x-ray without a change in its energy
a. Photoelectric effect
b.Compton Effect
c. Coherent Scattering
d.Pair Production

Coherent Scattering

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The interaction between the x-ray and the nuclear field causes the x- ray to disappear and in its place, two electrons appear, one positively charged (positron) and one negatively charged
a. Photoelectric effect
b.Compton Effect
c. Coherent Scattering
d.Pair Production

Pair Production

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This is considered as the heart of the film
a. Emulsion
b.Silver halide crystals
c. Gelatin
d.Adhesive layers

Emulsion

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The most common Source-Image distance used in veterinary practice
a. 50-60cm
b.70-80cm
c. 90-100cm
d. 110-120cm

90-100cm

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Term use that refers to the peak potential applied to the x-ray tube, which accelerates electrons from the cathode to the anode
a. kVp
b.mA
c. mAs
d.All of the above

kVp

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Refers to the measure of radiation produced (milliamperage) over a set amount of time (seconds) via an x-ray tube
a. kVp
b.mA
c. mAs
d.All of the above

mAs

milliampere-second

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Areas of low echo intensity; darker gray image intensity
a. Anechoic
b.Hyperechoic
c.Hypoechoic
d.isoechoic

Hypoechoic

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Artefacts that result from a wide range of electrical equipment or from radio-frequency signals
a. Reverberation artefact
b.Electronic interference
c. Acoustic shadow
d.Edge shadowing

Electronic interference

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Artefacts that are results of multiple reflections of an ultrasound beam, bouncing back and forth between two surfaces or vibrating between highly reflective surface, usually gas
a. Reverberation artefact
b.Distal Enhancement
c. Acoustic shadow
d.Edge shadowing

Reverberation artefact

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Artefacts that appears as a linear to cone-shaped hypo- or anechoic area distal to a highly attenuating structure
a. Reverberation artefact
b.Electronic interference
c. Acoustic shadow
d.Distal enhancement

Acoustic shadow

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Artefacts that occurs deep to the margins of a rounded, fluid-filled or cystic structure
a. Side lobe artefact
b.Mirror image
c. Acoustic shadow
d.Edge shadowing

Edge shadowing

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Refers to the overall brightness of the image
a. Depth
b.Gain
c. Frequency
d.Focus

Gain

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To penetrate deeper tissues, the frequency should be
a. Low
b.High
c. Either low or high
d.Neither low or high

Low

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What will happen if the frequency is high:
a. The penetration is deeper
b.The resolution is lower
c. The penetration is more superficial but higher resolution
d.All of the above

The penetration is more superficial but higher resolution

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In general, what is the echogenicity of the renal medulla in comparison to the renal pelvis:
a. hypoechoic
b.hyperechoic
c. anechoic
d.isoechoic

Hypoechoic

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In general, echogenicity of gas is:
a.hypoechoic
b.hyperechoic
c.anechoic
d.isoechoic

Hyperechoic

In general, echogenicity of water is:
a. hypoechoic
b.hyperechoic
c. anechoic
d.isoechoic

Anechoic

In mildly distended urinary bladder, the bladder wall thickness should not exceed:
a. 3mm
b.4mm
c. 5mm
d.6mm

3mm

In general, echogenicity of liver parenchyma in comparison to the spleen:
a. hypoechoic
b.hyperechoic
c. anechoic
d.isoechoic

Hypoechoic

The gallbladder contents are hyperechoic and organized into a striated pattern resembling the cut surface of a kiwi fruit a. gallbladder sludge b.mucocoele c. cystitis d.cystolith

Mucocoele

In dogs with less than 40 days of gestational age, the best measurement to take to determine gestational age is: a. Gestational sac diameter b.Crown-to-rump length c. Body diameter d.Head diameter

Gestational sac diameter

In dogs with more than 40 days of gestational age, the best measurement to take to determine gestational age is: a. Gestational sac diameter b.Crown-to-rump length c. Body diameter d.Head diameter

Head diameter

In dogs vertebral heart score, the cut-off value to be considered normal: a. < 10.7v b.> 10.7v c. >11.0v d.<11.0v

< 10.7v

When performing a thoracic radiograph, why is it important to position the animal in inspiration? a. To decrease lung size for better visualization of the heart b. To ensure the stomach is not obscuring the heart c. To fully expand the lungs and improve the visibility of lung structures d. To prevent motion artifacts caused by the animal’s movement

To fully expand the lungs and improve the visibility of lung structures

When evaluating for a potential pericardial effusion in a dog, which of the following is the most reliable radiographic sign? a. Increased opacity in the cranial thorax b. Round, globoid cardiac silhouette c. Presence of multiple small pulmonary nodules d. Severe rib cage distortion

Round, globoid cardiac silhouette

What is the most indicative radiographic sign of a small intestinal obstruction in a dog? a. Increased size of the liver shadow b. Presence of gas-filled loops with fluid levels c. Displacement of the colon d. Decreased abdominal opacity

Presence of gas-filled loops with fluid levels

Which of the following radiographic signs is most suggestive of an intra-abdominal mass effect rather than diffuse organ enlargement? a. Increased abdominal opacity with loss of detail b. Displacement of normal abdominal organs c. "String of pearls" sign in the intestines d. Increased gas in the small intestine

Displacement of normal abdominal organs

This organ located at the left side of the abdomen and is usually hyperechoic with a finer parenchyma relative to the liver a. Spleen b. Kidney c. Adrenal gland d. Gallbladder

Spleen

This organ is seen adjacent to the neck of the urinary bladder as a hyperechoic, homogenous, finely textured organ in the sagittal plane a. Uterus b. Bulbourethral gland c. Prostate gland d. colon

Prostate gland

This modality is used to measure the cardiac chambers: a. B-mode b. M-mode c. A-mode d. Doppler

M-mode

A 10-year-old dog with severe mitral regurgitation has the following echocardiographic findings: a. Left ventricular enlargement b. Left atrial enlargement c. Irregular and thickened mitral valve d. All of the above

All of the choices

Which intestinal muscle layer is hyperechoic? a. Serosa b. Muscularis c. Submucosa d. mucosa

Submucosa

This intestinal condition appears as “target lesion” in transverse view and as multilayered structure in longitudinal view a. Inflammatory bowel disease b. Lymphagiectasia c. Linear foreign body d. intussusception

Intussusception

Type of physeal fracture showing that the fracture are through the physis and a portion of the metaphysis a. Salter-Harris type I b. Salter-Harris type II c. Salter-Harris type III d. Salter-Harris type IV

Salter-Harris type II

Upon performing dental radiography in a cat, you observed that molars are already erupted. The approximate time of eruption of molars in cats is at what age: a. 2 months old b. 3 months old c. 4 months old d. 6 months old

4 months old

Which radiographic view is most commonly used to diagnose hip dysplasia in dogs? a. Lateral view b. Ventrodorsal view c. Dorsoventral view d. Oblique view

Ventrodorsal view

Which of the following radiographic signs is indicative of hip dysplasia in dogs? a. Increased joint space and shallow acetabulum b. Normal joint space and deep acetabulum c. Decreased joint space and shallow acetabulum d. Increased joint space and deep acetabulum

Increased joint space and shallow acetabulum

What does mineralization of the intervertebral disc on a radiograph typically indicate? a. Presence of a tumor b. Presence of a fracture c. Chronic degeneration of the disc d. Normal aging process

Chronic degeneration of the disc

The lung pattern that has doughnut signs and tram lines a. Bronchial pattern b. Interstitial pattern c. Alveolar pattern d. Vascular pattern

Bronchial pattern

The lung pattern showing fluffy, increased opacity of the lung fields, occupying one or more lobes, and often associated with air bronchograms a. Bronchial pattern b. Interstitial pattern c. Alveolar pattern d. Vascular pattern

Alveolar pattern

The lung pattern results in the filling of the interstitial space with fluid, exudate, fibrosis or metastatic lesions. a. Bronchial pattern b. Interstitial pattern c. Alveolar pattern d. Vascular pattern

Interstitial pattern

In dogs, the normal radiographic measurement of kidney in relation to length of 2nd lumbar vertebra: a. 2-3x b. 2.5-3.5x c. 3-4x d. 1-2x

2.5-3.5x Cats: 2-3 x the length of L2

Imaging modality that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images of the organs and tissues within the body. a. Computed tomography b. Magnetic resonance imaging c. Fluoroscopy d. Ultrasonography

Magnetic resonance imaging

This is a medical imaging technique that uses specialized X-ray equipment and computer technology to create detailed cross-sectional images of the inside of the body a. Computed tomography b. Magnetic resonance imaging c. Fluoroscopy d. Ultrasonography

Computed tomography

Imaging modality that produces real-time imaging: a. Computed tomography b. Magnetic resonance imaging c. Radiography d. Ultrasonography

Ultrasonography