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443-SRH and MSK > Diagnostic Imaging > Flashcards

Diagnostic Imaging Flashcards

1
Q

bone should show up as ______ on xray

A

white

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2
Q

fat would show up as ______ on xray

A

dark

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3
Q

list 3 advantages of xrays

A

Easily available + Quick
Inexpensive
Relatively low radiation
Good detail (bone definition)

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4
Q

list 3 disadvantages of xray

A

May not reveal process until very advanced
2D image = requires multiple views
Less soft tissue detail

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5
Q

4 OA related terms

A

osteophytes
subchondral sclerosis
subchondral cyst
central erosion

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6
Q

what is osteopenia

A

loss of bone density

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7
Q

what are bony outgrowth at edge of joint

A

osteophytes

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8
Q

what are extra dense bones around joint

A

subchondral sclerosis

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9
Q

what are pockets of synovial fluid in bone near joint

A

subchondral cysts

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10
Q

what is a break in cortical bone at the center of the joint

A

central erosion

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11
Q

Joint space narrowing means that

A

hyaline cartilage thinned

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12
Q

osteopenia means that

A

Less bone being formed
Bone being lost
May be inflammation in or next to the bone

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13
Q

osteophytes means that the joint is undergoing ________ and is typically associated with __________

A

degeneration
OA

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14
Q

subchondral sclerosis is seen when there is abnormal _______________, typically associated with _______

A

mechanical stresses on the bone
OA

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15
Q

subchondral sclerosis looks _____ on xray

A

white

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16
Q

subchondral cysts are usually associated with

A

OA

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17
Q

what are subchndral cysts called when large

A

geodes

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18
Q

central erosion means that there is

A

Degeneration with inflammation resulting in breaks and erosions at joint surface
Occurs with erosive OA

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19
Q

what is marginal erosion

A

loss of bone at joint margin

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20
Q

what is juxtaarticular erosion

A

away from joint margin

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21
Q

what is central erosion

A

in middle of joint

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22
Q

marginal erosion is common in

A

RA, PsA

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23
Q

juxtaarticular erosion is common in

A

gout

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24
Q

pencil in cup is typical of

A

PsA

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25
Q

fusion is common in

A

SpA

26
Q

periostitis is ___________ common in ______

A

fluffy new bone growth along shaft
SpA

27
Q

fusion means

A

Inflammatory process has occurred + healing resulted in fusion
May have been past trauma + bones fused when they healed

28
Q

periostitis means there is ______ affecting the ________ layer of the bone

A

inflammation
periosteal

29
Q

ulna deviation means that there is

A

Laxity of soft tissue supports at the joints

30
Q

ulna deviation is often seen in

A

RA

31
Q

what is subluxation

A

bones not aligned at joint

32
Q

Distribution of affected hand joints more transverse- affects all same joints across hands

A

RA

33
Q

Affects each individual digit differently, more subluxation, pencil in cup

A

psoriatic arthritis

34
Q

Mostly PIP and DIP affected, bony but not squishy/ swelling

A

osteoarthritis

35
Q

scoliosis is

A

lateral curvature to spine

36
Q

spondylolisthesis

A

displacement of 1 vertebrae over another

37
Q

sacrolitis is

A

inflammation of SI joints

38
Q

syndesmophytes is

A

bony growths along a ligament

39
Q

how does ultrasound work

A

Cross sectional imaging that relies on reflection of sound waves off tissue interfaces

40
Q

ultrasound bright means

A

hyperechoic- bone

41
Q

ultrasound dark means

A

hypoechoic = fluids/ not dense

42
Q

doppler signal measure

A

blood flow to area

43
Q

echogenicity is

A

relative to surrounding tissues

44
Q

ultrasound is indicated for

A

soft tissue pathology
bony pathology

45
Q

pros of ultrasound

A

Inexpensive and portable
Can compare both sides of body
Dynamic eval of structures (Stress or stretch)
Can press with transducer to identify source of pain
No ionizing radiation

46
Q

cons of ultrasound

A

Operator dependent
Time consuming
U/S waves do not penetrate bone, can not cross air

47
Q

CT is

A

Cross sectional imaging technique merging xray technology with computer processing/ reconstruction to see 3D images

48
Q

CT indications

A

Good for bone, soft tissue, blood vessel imaging
Gout protocol (dual energy CT gout)

49
Q

CT pros

A

Very detailed images
Widely available
Less time consuming than U/S or MRI
Less expensive than MRI
Safe for those with metal devices

50
Q

CT cons

A

More radiation
Less soft tissue distinction compared to MRI
Pt must be still

51
Q

describe how MRI works

A

cross sectional imaging using a magnetic field and radiofrequency signal to cause hydrogen ions in bodies to emit signals, then convert to image
Principle- different tissues contain different amounts of water (H+) = can visualize the distinction

52
Q

gadolinium is a

A

MRI contrast agent

53
Q

T1 MRI sees fluids as

A

dark

54
Q

pros for MRI

A

good for soft tissues
no ionizing radiaiton

55
Q

cons for MRI

A

Expensive
Not as readily available + More time consuming
Not as good for bone
Metal contraindicated + claustrophobia
Must keep still for prolonged period

56
Q

how do bone scans work

A

Nuclear medicine imaging - uses radioactive substance to image a physiologic process in body
Radiopharmaceuticals are injected into patient
Ex- MDP (TN-99 = radioactive component)
Affinity for hydroxyapatite crystals (accumulates in areas with increased bone production)
Gamma cameras detect rays emitted by body

57
Q

bone scan indications

A

bone metabolism in cancer, emtabolic bone diseases, subtle fractures, osteolyelitis

58
Q

T or F: bone scan is good for distinguishing types of arthritis

A

F

59
Q

bone scan pros

A

V sensitive
Great for picking up things that shouldn’t be missed

60
Q

bone scan cons

A

Pregnancy / breastfeeding
Some radiation emission after scan (t1/2 = 1d)
Structural details not well seen

443-SRH and MSK (24 decks)

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