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Semester 2 EBP Exam 9 > Diagnostic > Flashcards

Diagnostic Flashcards

1
Q

PICO

A

Patient (population or clinical problem)
Intervention (prognostic factor or exposure)
Comparison
Outcomes

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2
Q

Pyramid for EBM levels of evidence

A 
Meta analysis
Systematic reviews
RCTs
Cohort studies
Case control studies 
Case series and Case reports
Animal/laboratory studies
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3
Q

Meta-analysis

A

a statistical technique that summarizes the results of several studies in a single weighted estimate, in which more weight is given to results of studies with even more events and sometimes to studies of higher quality

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4
Q

Systematic Review

A

authors of systematic review ask a specific clinical question, perform a comprehensive literature search, eliminate the poorly done studies and attempt to make practice recommendations base on the well done studies

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5
Q

Randomized Control Trial

A

a trial in which participants are randomly assigned to two or more groups; at least one (experimental group) receives an intervention that is being tested and another (comparison or control) gets an alternative treatment or placebo
Allows assessment of relative effects of intervention

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6
Q

Controlled clinical trial

A

a trial in which participants are assigned to two or more different tx groups; may refer to controlled trials in which tx is assigned by a method other than random allocation - when the method of allocation is by random selection then it is an RCT

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7
Q

Cohort Study

A

a non-experimental study design that follows a group of people (cohort) and then looks at how events differ among people within the group - useful for determining if exposure is likely to cause specified events
Prospective are more reliable than retrospective

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8
Q

Case Series

A

Analysis of series of people with disease (no comparison group in case series)

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9
Q

Optimal study design for treatment or therapy

A

Meta-analysis
Systematic review
Double blind RCT

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10
Q

Optimal study design for diagnostic

A

RCT

Controlled clinical trial

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11
Q

Optimal study design for prognosis/etiology/harm

A

Cohort study
Case control study
Case series

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12
Q

Optimal study design for prevention

A

RCT

Cohort study

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13
Q

Critical appraisal is

A

the systematic evaluation of clinical research papers to establish if it..
addresses a clear question
uses valid methods
valid results that are important and applicable to your patient population

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14
Q

Diagnosis is based on

A

Patient history
Clinical exam findings
Associated diagnostic tests

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15
Q

Successful diagnosis depends on

A

availability of reliable and valid tests and measures

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16
Q

Test threshold

A

The probability below which the test will not be performed because possibility is remote
Clinicians must assess probability that a patient has a condition before performing a diagnostic test

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17
Q

Treatment threshold

A

probability above which a test will not be performed because the diagnosis possibility is great and immediate treatment is indicated
Clinicians must assess probability that a patient has a condition before performing a diagnostic test

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18
Q

Study results - reliability

Verification of reliability is

A

an acknowledgment that the data captured in a test is composed of the true value and error
Error has to be minimized to avoid false pos or neg

19
Q

Reliability of the ___ ___ should be indicated in studies of diagnostic tests

A

Index test

20
Q

Inter-rater and intra-rater reliability are used to

A

minimize the threat to research validity referred to as instrumentation

21
Q

Standard error of measurement can be used on what data

A

Interval or Ratio

22
Q

Pearson product moment correlation can be used with what type of data

A

Interval, Ratio, Comparing two measures

23
Q

Interclass correlation coefficient can be used with what type of data

A

Ordinal, Nominal, Compare multiple pairs of measures

24
Q

Spearmans rho can be used with what type of data

A

ordinal, nominal, compare two measures

25
Q

Kappa can be used with what type of data

A

compare multiple pairs of measures

26
Q

A valid diagnostic tests

A

consistently produces true positives or true negatives or both

27
Q

True positive

A

+ disorder and test result

28
Q

True negative

A
  • disorder and test result
29
Q

False positive

A
  • disorder and + test result
30
Q

False negative

A

+ disorder and - test result

31
Q

Sensitivity

A

True + over all patients with the condition

The proportion of individuals with the condition that have a pos test result (true pos)

32
Q

Specificity

A

True - over all the patients without the condition

The proportion of individuals without the condition who have a negative test result (true neg)

33
Q

Clinicians use diagnostics tests with high specificity when

A

knowledge that the patient does NOT have the condition of interest is important

34
Q

Sn allows a clinician to

A

determine which test is best to determine if a particular diagnosis is present

35
Q

PPV

A

Describes the ability of a diagnostic test to correctly determine the proportion of patients with the disease from all the patients with a positive test

36
Q

NPV

A

Describes the ability of a diagnostic test to correctly determine the proportion of patients without the disease from all patients with a negative test

37
Q

Likelihood ratios

A

reflect a diagnostic tests ability to provide persuasive information

38
Q

Advantages to liklihood ratio

A

Can be calculated for all levels of tests results
Not dependent on prevalence of condition
Can be applied to individuals

39
Q

P value indicates

A

the probability that the result obtained occurred due to chance
smaller, the more significant

40
Q

Confidence intervals represent

A

a range of scores within which the true score for a variable is estimated to lie within a specified probability

41
Q

Minimal detectable change

A

amount of change that just exceeds the standard error of measurement

42
Q

CAT - was the dx test evaluated in patients like those in whom it would be used in practice

A

Methods

43
Q

CAT - was the reference standard ascertained regardless of index test result

A

Methods

44
Q

CAT - was there blind comparison btw index test and reference standard

A

Methods

Semester 2 EBP Exam 9 (4 decks)

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