diagnosis and classfication

Question 1

comorbidity

Answer 1

alot of conditions can also exist alongside eachother eg asc +adhd

Question 2

symptom overlap

Answer 2

alot of conditions having same/similar symptoms

Question 3

positive symptoms

Answer 3

-they are additional experiences beyond those of ordinary experineces
-eg delusions + hallucinations

Question 4

positive symptoms

hallucinations

Answer 4

-unusual sensory experiences
-can be visual or auditory
-sometimes it relates to enviroment theyre in, and sometimes theres no link at all

Question 5

positive sympotoms

delusions

Answer 5

-irrational beliefs
-common ones involve important figures r linked to being persecuted
-eg the gov may be watching them

Question 6

negative symptoms

speech poverty

Answer 6

-reduction of amount and quality of speech
-there may be delay in verbal responses during conversation
-theres now an emphasis on speech disorganisation such as change of topic mid-sentence

Question 7

negative symptoms

avoilation (or apathy)

Answer 7

-difficulty to begin or keep up w goal directed activity
-reduced motivation
-andreasen (1982)-3 signs of it: poor hygiene, lack of persistence, lack of energy

Question 12

AO3

inter rater relaibility

Answer 12

-2 assesors independently arrive at same conclusion
-powell (1988)- randomly select 290 males+females psychiatrists read 2 case accoiunts of patients behaviour+give diagnosus using standard criteria
-when male/no gender=56% diagnosed
-female=20%
=gender bias=factor in unreliable diagnosis
-interpretation of symptoms=subjective+down to person doing diagnosis=skill experience/knowledge affect reliability

Question 13

AO3

comorbidity affecting valid/reliable diagnosis

Answer 13

-sim et al (2006) 142 sz= 32% had another mental disorder
-jeste et al (2009) stated sz w co-morbid conditions=excluded from research yet they r majority of patients
-so cannot be generalised to most also affects treatment usage
-buckley(2009) 50% diagnosed also had depression+29% PTSD+OCD(23%)=low validity as cant distinguish from other disorders +reliability=low as diagnosis will be inconsistent

Question 14

AO3 counter point to cultural bias

reasons for cultural bias

Answer 14

-fernando(1988) ppl from ethnic minorities experience ^ levels of racism,prejudice, poverty than white ppl+these trigger sz+explain cultural biases
BUT cochrane(1983) it was only afro-carribean ppl more likely to be diagnosed +1 expl proposes diagnosis of disorrder is valid-they r more vulnerbale to flu + kids born to mums w flu while pregnant=88%^ likely to get sz=explain high levels of diagnosis of afrocaribbean ppl

Question 15

ao3

cultural bias

Answer 15

-luhrman et al-interviewed 60 adults diagnosised w sz, 20 gana, indian+us
-each asked about voices they heard one said they were hod on earth=delusional in w society but in india for hindus it =spirit medium who is human incarnation of god
-escobar (2012) theres an oerinterpreation of sz in black ppl