Diabetic Retinopathy

Question 1

Microvascular occlusion

Answer 1

Thickening of basement membrane
Capillary endothelial cell damage and proliferation
Changes in red blood cells leading to defective oxygen transport
Increased stickiness and aggregation of platelets

Question 2

A microangiopathy affecting the retinal precapillary arterioles, capillaries, and venules

Answer 2

Diabetic Retinopathy

Question 3

Risk factors of DR

Answer 3

Poor metabolic control
Duration of diabetes
Pregnancy
Hypertension
Anemia

Question 4

Diminished efficacy of endogenous insulin

Answer 4

Diabetes

Question 5

2 main types of DR

Answer 5

Insulin dependent- Type 1 diabetes (ages 10-20 y/o)
Non-insulin dependent- Type 2 (50-70 y/o)

Question 6

Leading cause of legal blindness for ages 20-65 y/o

Answer 6

Age related Macular Degeneration

Question 7

Pathogenesis of DR

Answer 7

Microvascular occlusion—— retinal capillary non-perfusion——-retinal ischemia——— retinal hypoxia ——- AV shunts and neovascularization

Question 8

Hard exudates are composed of

Answer 8

Lipid and proteinaceous material

Question 9

3 main types of DR

Answer 9

Background retinopathy
Pre-proliferative retinopathy
Proliferative retinopathy

Question 10

Simple background DR

Answer 10

There is a presence of microaneurysem, hard exudates, macular hemorrhages, and retinal edema

Question 11

Preproliferative DR

Answer 11

Cotton wool spots
Venous irregularities
Dark blot hemorrhages
Intra retinal microvascular abnormalities

Question 12

Proliferative DR

Answer 12

Neovascularization
Vitreous detachment
Intragel hemorrhage

Question 13

Treatment for PDR

Answer 13

Anti-VEGF medicines: ranibizumab, aflibercept, bevacizumab
Laser photocoagulation

Question 14

Leading cause of blindness for 80 y/o

Answer 14

Diabetic Retinopathy

Question 15

Retinal vein occlusion- predisposing factors

Answer 15

Systemic:
Increasing age
Hypertension
Diabetes
Abnormalities of coagulation

Ocular:
Raised IOP
Periphlebitis

Question 16

Signs of acute BRVO

Answer 16

retinal eodoma
Cotton wool spots
Dot blot hemorrhages
Venous tortuosity

Question 17

complications of BRVO

Answer 17

Neovascularization and chronic macular oedema

Question 18

FA of BRVO- late

Answer 18

Hyper fluorescence due to diffuse edema

Question 19

FA for BRVO-early

Answer 19

blocked background fluorescence

Question 20

Signs of old BRVO

Answer 20

Hard exudates and vascular sheathing

Question 21

How many weeks to wait to perform FA in chronic macular edema

Answer 21

6-12 weeks

Question 22

Management for chronic macular edema

Answer 22

Macular non perfusion- no treatment
Good macular perfusion and VA 6/18 or worse after 3 months- laser photocoagulation

Question 23

Signs of non-ischemic CRVO

Answer 23

APD-mild
Mild venous turtousity
Mild to moderate retinal hemorrhage
Mild to moderate disc edema
Chronic macular edema
Variable cotton wool spots

Question 24

FA of non-ischemic CRVO

Answer 24

Good retinal capillary perfusion

Question 25

Signs of ischemic CRVO

Answer 25

APD-marked
Marked venous turtousity
Extensive retinal hemorrhage
Variable cotton wool spots
Severe disc edema
Macular ischemia

Question 26

FA of ischemic CRVO

Answer 26

Extensive capillary non-perfusion

Question 27

A rare condition typically seen in young, healthy adults, is characterized by unilateral optic disc swelling with no abnormal optic nerve functions.

Answer 27

Papillophlebitis

Question 28

is the obstruction of a blood vessel that results from an embolus that travels from the heart

Answer 28

Cardiac emboli

Question 29

blood clot that is formed in the carotid arteries

Answer 29

Carotid emboli

Question 30

3 types of emboli

Answer 30

Cholesterol
Fibrinoplatelet
Calcific

Question 31

Signs of BRAO

Answer 31

VA- variable
APD- mild or absent
Retinal whitening
Arteriolar narrowing

Question 32

FA of BRAO

Answer 32

Early masking
Extreme delay of arterial phase
Late staining of arterial walls

Question 33

Signs of CRAO

Answer 33

VA- 6/60
APD-marked
Retinal whitening
Cherry red spot
Arterial and venular narrowing

Question 34

FA of CRAO

Answer 34

Early filling of cilioretinal artery
Non-filling of other vessels
Late staining of vessel walls

Question 35

Imaging techniques of carotid artery

Answer 35

Duplex scanning
Digital intravenous subtraction analog
Magnetic resonance angiography
Intra-retinal angiography

Question 36

Treatment options for carotid disease

Answer 36

Anticoagulants
Antiplatelet therapy
Carotid endarterectomy

Question 37

Extravascular signs of Hypertensive Retinopathy

Answer 37

Disc edema
Macular star and cotton wool spots
Flame-shaped hemorrhages

Question 38

characterized by transient painless monocular loss of vision, often described as a curtain coming down over the eye.

Answer 38

Amaurosis faugax

Question 39

Stages of sickle-cell retinopathy

Answer 39

1- peripheral arteriolar occlusion
2- peripheral arteriovenous anastomoses
3- neovascularization
4- vitreous hemorrhage
5- fibrovascular proliferation

Question 40

Other association of hypertension

Answer 40

RVO
Retinal artery macroaneurysm
Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy
Ocular motor nerve palsies

Question 41

Signs of proliferative retinopathy

Answer 41

Sea-fan neovascularization
Fibrovascular proliferation
Fibrovascular bleeding

Question 42

Non-proliferative retinopathy

Answer 42

Salmon patches
Black sunbursts
Retinal holes