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Y4 Special Senses > Diabetic Retinopathy > Flashcards

Diabetic Retinopathy Flashcards

1
Q

What is Diabetic Retinopathy?

A

Condition where retina blood vessels damaged bc hyperglycaemia –> progressive deterioration to retina health

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2
Q

What are the different Pathophysiology concepts that lead to Diabetic retinopathy? (5 things)

A
  1. Vascular permeability
  2. Microaneurysms + Venous beading
  3. Nerve fibre damage
  4. Intraretinal Microvascular Abn (IrMA)
  5. Neovascularisation
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3
Q

How does Vasc permeability lead to damage in Diabetic Retinopathy? (4 steps)

A
  1. Hyperglycaemia
  2. Damage to Retina small vessels + Endothelial cells
  3. Increased vasc permeability
  4. Leakage from blood vessels + Blot haemorrhages + Hard exudate formation
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4
Q

What are Hard exudates?

A

Yellow / white lipid deposits in retina

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5
Q

How do you get Microaneurysms and Venous beading in Diabetic Retinopathy? (2 steps)

A
  1. Damage to blood vessel walls
  2. Microaneursyms + Venous beading
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6
Q

What are Microaneursyms?

A

Weakness in vessel wall –> small bulges

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7
Q

What is Venous beading? (2 things)

A
  1. Walls of veins no longer straight + parallel
  2. Veins look more like string of beads / sujuk
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8
Q

What does Nerve fibre damage lead to in Diabetic Retinopathy?

A

Cotton wool spots (fluffy white patches on retina)

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9
Q

What is Intraretinal Micovascular Abn (IrMA)? (2 things)

A
  1. Dilated + Tortuous capillaries in retina
  2. Capillaries act as shunt between arterial + venous vessels in retina
    (Tortuous = beh twists n turns)
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10
Q

What is Neovascularisation?

A

Growth factors released in retina –> dev new blood vessels

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11
Q

What are the different types of Diabetic Retinopathy? (2 things)

A
  1. Non-proliferative
  2. Proliferative
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12
Q

What does the classification of Diabetic Retinopathy depend on?

A

Whether new blood vessels have developed
(seen on fundoscopy)

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13
Q

What are some other names for Non-proliferative, and why is it called that?

A
  • Background / Pre-proliferative retinopathy
  • Bc can develop into Proliferative
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14
Q

What are the CF of MILD Non-proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy?

A

Microaneurysms

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15
Q

What are the CF of MODERATE Non-proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy? (5 things)

A
  1. Microaneurysms
  2. Blot haemorrhages
  3. Hard exudates
  4. Cotton wool spots
  5. Venous beading
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16
Q

What are the CF of SEVERE Non-proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy? (4 things)

A
  1. Microaneurysms (in 4 quadrants)
  2. Blot haemorrhages (in 4 quadrants)
  3. Venous beading (in 2 quadrants)
  4. Intraretinal Microvascular Abn (IrMA) (in any quadrant)
17
Q

What are the CF of SEVERE Non-proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy? (4 things)

A
  1. Microaneurysms (in 4 quadrants)
  2. Blot haemorrhages (in 4 quadrants)
  3. Venous beading (in 2 quadrants)
  4. Intraretinal Microvascular Abn (IrMA) (in any quadrant)
18
Q

What are the CF of Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy? (2 things)

A
  1. Neovascularisation
  2. Vitreous haemorrhage
19
Q

What are the Mx options for Diabetic Retinopathy? (3 things)

A
  1. Laser photocoagulation
  2. Anti-VEGF meds
  3. Vitreoretinal surgery (keyhole surgery) (if severe)
20
Q

What are some examples of Anti-VEGF? (2 things)

A
  1. Ranibizumab
  2. Bevacizumab
21
Q

What are the complications of Diabetic Retinopathy? (5 things)

A
  1. Retinal detachment
  2. Vitreous haemorrhage (bleeding into vitreous humour)
  3. Rebeosis iridis (new blood vessel formation in Iris)
  4. Optic neuropathy
  5. Cataracts

Y4 Special Senses (11 decks)

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