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MNT > Diabetes Terms > Flashcards

Diabetes Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Acanthosis nigricans

A

A condition in which dark raised areas appear on the sides of the neck and in body folds and creases

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2
Q

Amylin

A

Hormone normally consecrated with insulin by the beta-cell in response to food that is deficient in people with Type I and Type II, it is injected before meals and slows gastric emptying and inhibiting glucagon production
-Pramlintide

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3
Q

Autonomic Symptoms

A

Arise from the action of the autonomic nervous system and are often the first signs of mild hypoglycemia

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4
Q

Basal or background insulin dose

A

Amount of insulin required in the post absorptive state to restrain endogenous glucose output primarily from the liver, which helps maintain normal glucose levels between meals

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5
Q

C-peptide

A

Molecule that results from the split of proinsulin. A person with T1DM has a low level of C-peptide, whereas a person with T2Dm can have a normal or high level of C-peptide, can also be measured to see if endogenous insulin is still being produced by the pancreas

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6
Q

Carbohydrate counting

A

eating plan method based on the principle that all types of carbohydrates are digested, and that the majority of carbohydrates are absorbed into the blood stream as a molecule of glucose

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7
Q

Continuous Glucose monitor

A

Tiny glucose sensing device called a sensor that is inserted under the skin in the subcutaneous fat tissue for several days at a time./ sensor measures glucose in interstitial fluids

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8
Q

Correction factor

A

defines how many milligrams per deciliter a unit of rapid-insulin will lower blood glucose levels over a 2-4hr period. Determined using 1700 rule

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9
Q

Counterregulatory hormone

A

glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone, and cortisol

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10
Q

Dawn phenomenon

A

increased need for inulin from 4am to 8am.

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11
Q

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

A

Serious complication of diabetes characterized by extreme hyperglycemia and a buildup of ketones in the blood an durin e

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12
Q

Fasting hypoglycemia

A

postabroptive hypoglycemia: related to underlying disease, may occur in response to having gone without food for eight hours or longer

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13
Q

Fasting plasma glucose

A

Can diagnose pre-diabetes if blood glucose levels 100 to 125
-no caloric intake for at least eight hours

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14
Q

Gastroparesis

A

Delayed gastric emptying in the absence of mechanical obstruction of the stomach.

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15
Q

Gestational diabetes

A

Type of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy

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16
Q

Glucagon

A

Primary defense against hypoglycemia
Counterregulatory stress hormones
-secreted by alpha cells

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17
Q

Glucotoxicity

A

delerious effect of hyperglycemia on insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion

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18
Q

Glycemic Index

A

Developed to compare physiologic effects of carbohydrates on glucose- ranks carbohydrate foods according to how they affect blood glucose levels

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19
Q

Glycemic load

A

calculated by multiplying the glucose index by the amount of available carbohydrate in each food and then totaling the values of all foods in a meal or dietary pattern

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20
Q

Glycosylated hemoglobin

A

Amount of glucose attached to the hemoglobin protein in a red blood cell

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21
Q

honeymoon phase

A

During phase, insulin requirements decrease drastically for up to 1 year or longer, and good metabolic control may be easily achieved
-after diagnosis and correction of hyperglycemia, metabolic acidosis, and ketoacidosis, and endogenous insulin secretion

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22
Q

hyperglycemia

A

result of defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both
-high blood glucose

23
Q

Hyperglycemic
hyperosmolar state

A

Hyperglycemia and dehydration can lead to this complication fof diabetes in older adults
-very high blood glucose levels (greater than 600, without ketones)

24
Q

hypoglycemia (insulin reaction)

A
25
Q

Hypoglycemia of nondiabetic origin

A

clinical syndrome with diverse causes in which low levels of plasma glucose eventually lead to neuroglycopenia

26
Q

Immune-mediated diabetes mellitus

A

Results from an autoimmune destruction of the beta-cells of the pancreas

27
Q

Impaired fasting glucose

A

have pre-diabetes
FPG 100-125

28
Q

Impaired glucose tolerance

A

Have pre-diabetes if also have impaired fasting glucose as well as a higher risk of developing CVD

29
Q

incretins

A

Hormones made by the GI tract and include GLP-1 which is released during nutrient absorption, which increases glucose-dependent insulin secretion, slows gastric emptying, and decreases glucagon production, and enhances satiety
-have a short half life

30
Q

Insulin

A

Hormones made by beta cells,

31
Q

Insulin deficiency

A

defect that occurs with pancreatic beta cell destruction that can result in hyperglycemia

32
Q

Insulin resistance

A

decreased tissue sensitivity or responsiveness to insulin and beta cellular failure
-demonstrated first in target tissues such as muscle, liver, and adipose cells

33
Q

insulin secretagogues

A

medications that increase insulin production

34
Q

Insulin to carbohydrate ratio

A

1 to 1.5 units of insulin per 10 to 15g of carbohydrates consumed

35
Q

Lag time

A

amount of time that elapses between the injection of rapid-acting insulin and the meal
-critical in control of postprandial hyperglycemia and later risk of hypoglycemia

36
Q

Latent autoimmune diabetes of the adult

A

Type 1.5 diabetes- autoimmune diabetes that occurs in adulthood- adult-onset presence of diabetes associated with autoantibodies, and no insulin treatment requirement for a period after diagnosis

37
Q

lipotoxicity

A

increased fatty acid levels that can further decrease in insulin sensitivity at the cellular level

38
Q

macrosomia

A

larger than normal baby- can occur when extra glucose from the mother crosses fetal placenta and the fetus pancreas

39
Q

macrovascular disease

A

involves diseases of large blood vessels

40
Q

maturity onset diabetes of the youth

A

Diabetes associated with specific genetic syndromes, genetic defects in insulin action, diseases of the exocrine pancreas, drug or chemical induced, infections and other illnesses

41
Q

metabolic syndrome

A

metabolic changes
-intraabdominal obesity greater than 40inches in men and 35 inches in women,
dyslipidemia, hypertension, glucose intolerance, and increased prevalence of macrovascular complications

42
Q

Microvascular disease

A

involve small blood vessels and include nephropathy and retinopathy

43
Q

Neuroglycopenic symptoms

A

related to an insufficient supply of glucose to the brain, also can occur at similar glucose levels as autonomic symptoms but with different manifestations. Earliest signs include a slowing down in performance and difficulty concentrating

44
Q

normoglycemia

A

as close to the nondiabetic range as safely as possible

45
Q

polydipsia

A

excess thirst

46
Q

polyphagia

A

excess hunger

47
Q

polyuria

A

excess urination

48
Q

postprandial blood glucose

A
49
Q

postprandial hypoglycemia

A

blood glucose levels fall below normal limits within 2 to 5 hours after eating

50
Q

preprandial (fasting/premeal) blood glucose

A

carbohydrate counting education tools are based on the concept that the carbohydrate in foods is the major predictor of postprandial blood glucose

51
Q

Somogyi effect

A

hypoglycemia followed by rebound hyperglycemia

52
Q

Whipple’s traid

A
  1. low plasma or blood glucose level
  2. Symptoms of hypoglycemia at the same time
  3. resolution of the symptoms once the blood glucose returns to normal
53
Q

Self-monitoring of blood glucose

A

person on multiple dose insulin should do SMBG before meals and snacks
-early diagnosis has been shown to prolong insulin secretion

MNT (7 decks)

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