Diabetes Physiology

Question 1

what glucose transporter is stimulated by insulin and where are they located?

Answer 1

GLUT4; adipose tissue and striated muscle

Question 2

effects of glucagon

Answer 2

liberates glucose to prevent life-threatening hypoglycemia: causes glycogen breakdown, liberates free fatty acids from adipose tissue which is converted to ketoacids, and causes hepatic uptake of amino acids for gluconeogenesis

Question 3

where is glucagon made and what stimulates its release? what inhibits its release?

Answer 3

alpha cells of pancreas; amino acids stimulate its release, anything that glucose increases inhibits its release (glucose, insulin, somatostatin, ketones, free fatty acids)

Question 4

function of glucagon-like peptides (3)

Answer 4

1. secreted from gut in response to feeding
2. acute: increases insulin response to glucose
3. chronic: increases beta cell mass

Question 5

define type 1 and type 2 diabetes

Answer 5

type 1: autoimmune islet (beta) cell destruction with lack of insulin
type 2: insulin resistance with relative insulin deficiency