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Diabetes mellitus chronic complications Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main categories of chronic complications of diabetes?

A

Macrovascular and Microvascular complications

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2
Q

List three examples of macrovascular complications associated with diabetes.

A
  • Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
  • Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD)
  • Cerebrovascular Disease (CVD)
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3
Q

What is the increased rate of hospitalization for major CHD events in diabetes patients?

A

2-4x increase

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4
Q

What is the risk of lower extremity amputation (LEA) in people with diabetes?

A

23x greater

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5
Q

What is the most common cause of non-traumatic amputation?

A

Diabetes

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6
Q

What is the target HbA1c for glycaemic control in diabetes management?

A

HbA1c < 53 mmol/mol

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7
Q

What are common pharmacological treatments for glycaemic control in diabetes?

A
  • Metformin
  • SGLT2 inhibitors
  • GLP1-RA
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8
Q

What are two microvascular complications of diabetes?

A
  • Diabetic Retinopathy
  • Diabetes Kidney Disease/Nephropathy
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9
Q

What is a major cause of vision loss worldwide related to diabetes?

A

Diabetic retinopathy

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10
Q

What percentage of diabetes patients will have some form of retinopathy?

A

> 25%

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11
Q

What are the risk factors for the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy?

A
  • Duration of diabetes
  • Intensity of glycaemic control
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12
Q

What is the intracellular polyol pathway related to diabetic retinopathy?

A

Conversion of glucose into sorbitol

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13
Q

Name one treatment option for diabetic retinopathy.

A

Laser photocoagulation

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14
Q

What is microalbuminuria?

A

Urinary albumin excretion 30-300 mg/day

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15
Q

What does proteinuria indicate in diabetes kidney disease?

A

Urinary albumin excretion > 300 mg/day

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16
Q

What is the target blood pressure for diabetes patients?

A

BP < 130/80 mmHg

17
Q

What is a key screening test for diabetic foot ulcers?

A

Monofilament testing

18
Q

Name a common complication of diabetic neuropathy.

A

Distal symmetric polyneuropathy

19
Q

What is the risk factor classification for developing a diabetes foot ulcer?

A
  • Low
  • Moderate
  • High/In Remission
20
Q

What are the chronic complications of diabetes summarized?

A
  • CHD/CVD/PVD and Amputation
  • Retinopathy
  • Nephropathy and CKD
  • Neuropathy and diabetes foot ulcer
21
Q

True or False: Screening is important for reducing the risk of developing complications in diabetes.

Diabetes mellitus (4 decks)

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