clinical features Flashcards
What is the most common form of diabetes?
Diabetes mellitus
85% of all diabetes in people of European heritage and 95% in other ethnic groups.
What factors contribute to the development of Type 2 diabetes?
Genetics and environmental factors
These result in insulin resistance and insulin insufficiency.
What is the relative risk of Type 2 diabetes if one parent has it?
2.03
The risk increases if both parents are affected.
How many gene variants have been identified as associated with Type 2 diabetes risk?
> 400 gene variants
Most relate to beta cell function or mass.
What percentage of the overall risk of Type 2 diabetes is determined by genetic factors?
40%
Genetic predisposition plays a significant role.
What is the prevalence of Type 2 diabetes in people of South Asian heritage aged over 60 years?
More than 25%
This demographic shows a high prevalence of Type 2 diabetes.
What happens to beta cell function as age increases?
Beta cell function reduces
This reduction is associated with an increased risk of Type 2 diabetes.
What lifestyle factor is associated with an increased risk of Type 2 diabetes?
Increased BMI
Higher body mass index correlates with diabetes risk.
What are classical presentations of Type 2 diabetes?
Asymptomatic, thirst, polyuria, malaise, infections, blurred vision
Complications can also be the presenting problem.
What autoimmune mechanism is involved in Type 1 diabetes?
Cell-mediated autoimmune mechanism
Activated by environmental triggers leading to beta cell destruction.
What is the relative risk of Type 1 diabetes if an identical twin is affected?
35
This indicates a strong genetic component.
What is the usual age of onset for Type 1 diabetes?
Childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood
However, it can present at any age.
What are some autoimmune disorders associated with diabetes?
Thyroid disease, pernicious anaemia, coeliac disease, Addison’s disease, vitiligo
These conditions can co-occur with diabetes.
What is Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY)?
Late childhood/early adulthood-onset diabetes, autosomal dominant inheritance
Some forms are sulphonylurea sensitive.
What distinguishes Type 1 diabetes from Type 2 diabetes regarding ketones?
Ketones are often present at diagnosis in Type 1
Rarely present at diagnosis in Type 2 diabetes.
What are the common symptoms at presentation of Type 1 diabetes?
Polyuria, thirst, fatigue, weight loss, blurred vision, nausea
These symptoms indicate severe insulin deficiency.
What is the impact of Type 1 diabetes on daily life?
Extreme blood glucose variability, hypoglycaemia, risks of diabetic ketoacidosis
It can significantly affect lifestyle choices.
What are some forms of secondary diabetes?
Exocrine pancreas disorders, endocrinopathies, drugs
These can lead to diabetes as a secondary condition.
What do obesity and sedentary lifestyle contribute to?
Increasing incidence of Type 2 diabetes
These lifestyle factors are significant risk contributors.
