Diabetes Mellitus

Question 1

DM

polydipsia

Answer 1

high thirst

Question 2

DM

inability to produce insulin

Answer 2

TYPE I DM

Question 3

DM

polyuria

Answer 3

frequent urination

Question 4

DM

polyphagia

Answer 4

increased hunger

Question 5

DM

insulin resistance OR a combination of inability to produce insulin AND insulin resistance

Answer 5

Type II DM

Question 6

DM

Gestational DM is seen in pregnancy and is commonly caused by

Answer 6

insulin resistance

Question 7

DM

the pancreas is a retroperitoneal organ located

Answer 7

posterior to the stomach and duodenum.

Question 8

DM

there are 2 types of tissues in the pancreas

Answer 8

1. endocrine islets of Langerhans
2. exocrine (darker tissue)

Question 9

DM

endocrine islets of Langerhans tissue in the pancreas has 2 types of cells

Answer 9

1. Alpha cells: produce glucagon (raises blood sugar)
2. Beta cells: produces insulin (lowers blood sugar

Question 10

DM

insulin is secreted by the pancreas in response to

Answer 10

an increase in serum/blood glucose

Question 11

DM

insulin decreases blood glucose levels by

Answer 11

• allowing cells in the body to uptake glucose
• allowing liver/muscles/fat to store extra glucose as glycogen
• inhibiting gluconeogenesis

Question 12

DM

what is the sole source of energy of the brain

Answer 12

glucose

Question 13

DM

which hormones prevent hypoglycemia (are counter-regulatory hormones) and allow glucose availability for brain use during fasting?

Answer 13

• glucagon: glycogen → glucose
• cortisol:
• growth hormone
• catecholamines

Question 14

DM

previously called juvenile-onset diabetes and typically diagnosed in childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood

Answer 14

Type I DM

Question 15

DM

the peak incidence of onset of DM type I

Answer 15

11-13 years of age

• There is also an incidence in people in their late 30a and early 40s, and the disease tends to present less aggressively

Question 16

DM

Type I DM is caused by

Answer 16

the destruction of 80-90% of the beta cells in the pancreas by a lymphocytic infiltration (autoimmune) in a genetically predisposed individual (gene HLA-DR3/DR4)

Question 17

DM

which gene is linked to DM type I

Answer 17

HLA-DR3/DR4

Question 18

DM

pathophysiology of type I DM

Answer 18

b-cells in pancreas destroyed → no insulin → increased in blood glucose → glucagon initiates glycogenolysis adding more glucose to the blood stream → hyperglycemia

Question 19

DM

classical manifestations of hyperglycemia (and Type I DM)

Answer 19

• polyuria (from drinking so much)
• polydipsia (the brain is going to try to dilute the sugar sirup syrup in the blood)
• polyphagia (cells cannot use the sugar)
• fatigue (due to increased catabolism)
• weight loss (body need energy so break down muscle → uses ketones as source of energy)
• Diabetic ketoacidocis

Question 20

DM

major risk factors for type II DM

Answer 20

obesity and inactivity