Diabetes Mellitus

Question 1

What are factors that can contribute to hyperglycemia?

Answer 1

• reduced insulin secretion
• decreased glucose utilization
• increased glucose production

Question 2

What is the criteria for Diagnosis of DM for FPG?

Answer 2

> 126 mg/dL (7.0mmol/L)

Question 3

What is the criteria for Diagnosis of DM for Two-hour PG?

Answer 3

≥ 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) during an OGTT

Question 4

What is the criteria for Diagnosis of DM for Hb A1C?

Answer 4

≥ 6.5%

Question 5

What is the normal criteria for FPG?

Answer 5

70-99 mg/dL

Question 6

What is the normal criteria for 2 hour PG?

Answer 6

120-139 mg/dL

Question 7

What is the normal criteria for A1C?

Answer 7

4-5.6%

Question 8

What is the criteria for prediabetes for FGP?

Answer 8

100-125 mg/dL

Question 9

What is the criteria for prediabetes for 2 hour PG?

Answer 9

140-199 mg/dL

Question 10

What is the criteria for prediabetes for A1C?

Answer 10

5.7-6.4%

Question 11

What is the HDL cholesterol level for testing for DM?

Answer 11

< 35 mg/dL

Question 12

What is the TAG level for testing for DM?

Answer 12

> 250 mg/dL

Question 13

What is the role of IAPP in DM 2?

Answer 13

major component of amyloid fibrils found in the islets of patients with DM2

Question 14

What is the most potent incretin?

Answer 14

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)

Question 15

When is GLP-1 released?

Answer 15

when the blood glucose is above fasting level

Question 16

Where is the major susceptibility gene for type 1 DM located?

Answer 16

HLA region on chromosome 6

Question 17

What does the HLA region encode for?

Answer 17

class II MHC

Question 18

What haplotype do most individuals with DM1 have?

Answer 18

HLA DR3 and/or DR4

Question 19

What is the acute complication in DM1?

Answer 19

diabetic ketoacidosis

Question 20

hyperglycemia and elevated ketone bodies leading to volume delepetion and acid-base imbalance
-nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain (pancreatitis)

Answer 20

diabetic ketoacidosis

Question 21

How do you treat DM1?

Answer 21

fluids, electrolytes, exogenous insulin

Question 22

What is the acute complication in DM2?

Answer 22

hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS)

-profoud dehydration and hyperosmolarity = hypotension, tachycardia, altered mental status

Question 23

What are microvascular complications?

Answer 23

retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy

Question 24

What are macrovascular complications?

Answer 24

cardiovascular disease, stroke