Diabetes Mellitus Flashcards
What are factors that can contribute to hyperglycemia?
- reduced insulin secretion
- decreased glucose utilization
- increased glucose production
What is the criteria for Diagnosis of DM for FPG?
> 126 mg/dL (7.0mmol/L)
What is the criteria for Diagnosis of DM for Two-hour PG?
≥ 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) during an OGTT
What is the criteria for Diagnosis of DM for Hb A1C?
≥ 6.5%
What is the normal criteria for FPG?
70-99 mg/dL
What is the normal criteria for 2 hour PG?
120-139 mg/dL
What is the normal criteria for A1C?
4-5.6%
What is the criteria for prediabetes for FGP?
100-125 mg/dL
What is the criteria for prediabetes for 2 hour PG?
140-199 mg/dL
What is the criteria for prediabetes for A1C?
5.7-6.4%
What is the HDL cholesterol level for testing for DM?
< 35 mg/dL
What is the TAG level for testing for DM?
> 250 mg/dL
What is the role of IAPP in DM 2?
major component of amyloid fibrils found in the islets of patients with DM2
What is the most potent incretin?
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)
When is GLP-1 released?
when the blood glucose is above fasting level
Where is the major susceptibility gene for type 1 DM located?
HLA region on chromosome 6
What does the HLA region encode for?
class II MHC
What haplotype do most individuals with DM1 have?
HLA DR3 and/or DR4
What is the acute complication in DM1?
diabetic ketoacidosis
hyperglycemia and elevated ketone bodies leading to volume delepetion and acid-base imbalance
-nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain (pancreatitis)
diabetic ketoacidosis
How do you treat DM1?
fluids, electrolytes, exogenous insulin
What is the acute complication in DM2?
hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS)
-profoud dehydration and hyperosmolarity = hypotension, tachycardia, altered mental status
What are microvascular complications?
retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy
What are macrovascular complications?
cardiovascular disease, stroke
