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CEP > Diabetes Mellitus > Flashcards

Diabetes Mellitus Flashcards

1
Q

What is diabetes?

A

A lifelong condition that causes a person’s blood sugar level to become too high

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2
Q

What blood glucose levels diagnose diabetes?

A
  • Random glucose ≥ 11.1mmol/L
  • Fasting glucose ≥ 7.0mmol/L
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3
Q

When must blood glucose levels be tested again?

A

If the patient shows no symptoms of diabetes

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4
Q

What levels of HbA1c diagnose diabetes?

A

6.5% or 48mmol/mol

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5
Q

What does the HbA1c test show?

A
  • Previous 10 weeks of ambient circulating glucose
  • How well a patient’s diabetes is being treated
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6
Q

Oral glucose tolerance test method

A
  • Measure fasting glucose at time = 0
  • Drink 75g glucose drink over 5mins
  • Wait 2h
  • Measure glucose at time = 2h
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7
Q

What glucose levels from oral test diagnose diabetes?

A
  • Fasting glucose 7.0mmol/L
  • 2h glucose 11.1mmol/L
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8
Q

Functions of insulin

A
  • Maintains supply of glucose to tissues
  • Regulates metabolism in muscle
  • Promotes protein synthesis
  • Inhibits breakdown of fat
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9
Q

What is the precursor to insulin and how is insulin made from it?

A
  • Proinsulin precursor
  • Proinsulin polypeptide chain cleaved to form insulin
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10
Q

Types of diabetes

A
  • Type 1
  • Type 2
  • Gestational
  • Monogenic
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11
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

Immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing cells (so low insulin levels)

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12
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

Where cells don’t respond to insulin (so high insulin levels)

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13
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

Where cells don’t respond to insulin (so high insulin levels)

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14
Q

Short term effects of uncontrolled diabetes

A
  • Hyperglycaemia
  • Hypoglycaemia
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15
Q

Long term effects of uncontrolled diabetes

A
  • Mental health
  • Vascular
  • Cancer
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16
Q

Types of vascular complications

A
  • Microvascular
  • Macrovascular
17
Q

Microvascular complications

A
  • Eyes
    > Retinopathy
    > Cataracts
    > Glaucoma
  • Kidney
    > Nephropathy
  • Neuropathy
    > Pain
    > Numbness
18
Q

Macrovascular complications

A
  • Brain
    > Stroke
    > Cerebrovascular disease
  • Heart
    > Coronary heart disease
  • Extremities
    > Peripheral vascular disease
    > Gangrene
19
Q

Target cholesterol level for diabetic patients over age 40

20
Q

Target blood pressure for diabetic patients

21
Q

Lifestyle factors diabetic patients are recommend to ammend

A
  • Smoking
  • Alcohol
  • Diet
  • Exercise

CEP (14 decks)

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