DIABETES MELLITUS

Question 1

What is type 1 diabetes?

Answer 1

A state of absolute insulin deficeincy

Question 2

What are the two subtypes of type 1 diabetes?

Answer 2

Type 1A - immune-mediated

Type 1B - non-immune-mediated

Question 3

What are the auto-antibodies in type 1 diabetes?

Answer 3

Insulin
Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase (IA-2)
Cation Transporter ZnT8

Question 4

What is the pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes?

Answer 4

1. Auto-antibodies are triggered in a genetically susceptible individual.
2. Auto-antibodies target pancreatic islet cells causing a loss of secretory capacity
3. Eventually the beta cells completely lose their insulin secreting function.

Question 5

What are the classic triad of symptoms of diabetes?

Answer 5

Weight Loss
Thirst and Polydipsia
Polyuria

Question 6

What causes polyuria in diabetes?

Answer 6

Osmotic diuresis that results when blood glucose levels exceed the renal threshold

Question 7

What causes thirst and polydipsia in diabetes?

Answer 7

This is due to a loss of fluid and electrolytes from excessive urination

Question 8

What causes weight loss in diabetes?

Answer 8

Due to depletion and accelerated of fat ad muscle

Question 9

What is the diagnostic criteria for diabetes?

Answer 9

Fasting glucose >7 mmol/l
Random glucose >11.1mmol/l
and SYMPTOMS

Question 10

What is HbA1C?

Answer 10

This is glycated haemoglobin. It reflects blood glucose levels from the previous 12 weeks

Question 11

Why can HbA1c not be used for the diagnosis of T1DM?

Answer 11

This is often a rapid onset therefore the blood glucose levels for the previous 12 weeks

Question 12

What are ketone bodies?

Answer 12

A type of chemical that the liver produces when it breaks down fats