Diabetes Mellitus Flashcards
types and fucntions of cells in Islet of Langerhans (3)
1) Alpha cells - produce glucagon
2) Beta cells - produce insulin
3) Delta cells - produces somatostatin
What is diabetes mellitus
A condition of body where body does not able to produce enough amounts of insulin, thus the blood glucose level rises.
Aetiology of diabetes? (4)
1) lack of insulin
2) inadequate insulin receptors
3) impaired insulin release
4) destroyed insulin
What happen if glucose in the blood too high?
it stimulates the pancreas to produce insulin into the bloodstream. The excess glucose then converted by the insulin into form of glycogen. The blood glucose level returns to normal
What if the glucose in the blood too low?
the pancreas will stimulated and produces glucagon that converted the glycogen (stored sugar) into glucose form. Thus the blood glucose level returns to normal.
Types of Diabetes Mellitus (3)
1) Type 1 - IDDM : Insulin Dependent DM
2) Type 2 - NIDDM : Non Insulin Dependent DM
3) Gestational (Pregnancy DM)
Characteristics of Type 1 DM (3)
- hyperglycemia
- breakdown of fat and protein
- development of ketone bodies
Causes of Type 1 DM (2)
- destruction of beta cells, no insulin produced
- destruction d/t autoimmune factors
Complications of T1 DM is DKA (Diabetic Ketoacidosis). Explain.
- trigger fctrs (4S) Sepsis, Surgery, Skip Insulin, Stress
- In T1DM pt, beta cells are destroyed, so there is no production of insulin.
- so, no glucose will enter the cells/tissue.
- in order to produce energy, cells burn fat and cause ketone bodies production.
Signs and symptoms of T1DM/DKA (4)
Dry, high sugar (dehydration) Ketone breath (fruity, alcohol) Abdominal pain Acidosis Metabolic
Management of DKA (3)
1) IV fluids - treat dehydration
2) Insulin therapy - reverse the process of DKA
3) Electrolytes replacements (add K+) - keep heart, nerves and muscles functioning
Characteristics of T2DM (4)
- non ketotic form of diabetes (d/t sufficient amt of insulin produced prevent the b.d of fats and proteins)
- non insulin-dependent
- can occur at any age
- non communicable disease
Causes of T2DM (6)
d/t insulin resistance and deficiency
- increase hepatic glucose output
- increase renal absorption of glucose
- decrease utilisation of glucose by various organ
- insulin receptors abnormalities
- limited beta cells respond to the hyperglycemia
Risk factors of getting T2DM (5)
- Obese person (BMI > 23)
- hypertension
- physical inactivity
- history of CVD
- genetic history
Pathophysiology and S/S of Diabetes Mellitus (4)
1) Hyperglycemia
- lack of insulin production, glucose accumulate in the
blood, high levels of glucose in the blood
2) Polyuria
- serum/blood hyperosmolarity cause water diffuse
out of the cells and enters the circulation. Blood
volume increase, renal flow increase. Osmotic
diuresis occurs and cause increase of urine volume
3) Weight loss
- amino acids converted into glucose and ketone
bodies d/t lack of insulin production
4) Glucosuria
- high blood glucose level cause GFR low. Glucose
excreted in the urine
5) Dehydration and fatigue
- intracellular volume decrease, urinary volume
output increase. dehydration of the cells cause
mouth dry and thirst sensory activated. Glucose
cannot enter the cells w/o insulin, thus energy
production decreased.
