Diabetes exam Flashcards

Question

Describe and name the oral medications for blood glucose control mentioned in class

Answer 1

1. Insulin Secretagogues (also called Meglatinides) - stimulate insulin secretion in the presence of glucose and is short-acting. 2. Suffonylurea - stimulates insulin secretion and is more long-acting 3. Biguanides (Metformin)- is the initial medication. It decreases hepatic glucose production and increases muscle uptake of insulin. No extra pancreatic secretion of insulin. Both medications put patient at risk for hypoglycemia...so need to educate on what to do in a situation of hypoglycemia

Answer 2

< 70 mg/dL and responsive then administer 15g of fast-acting carbs such as oral glucose tablets, fruit juice, or sugar candy wait 15 minutes if symptoms (shakiness, clammy hands, sweating, dizziness, fatigue, brain fog, rapid heart-beat) still occur, then do the same until blood sugar is > 70 mg/dL If unresponsive... use a glucose gel or glycogen shot

Answer 3

Bariatric surgery Islet cell transplantation

Answer 4

Assessment should look at dietary intake, lifestyle, and blood glucose panels and other blood panel like lipid panels. Nutrition diagnosis should focus on intake. (excessive, inadequate, etc) Intervention = nutrient intake is most influential, lifestyle factors, carbohydrate counting (45%), and nutrition intervention follow up every or every-other month and MNT needs are decided by the RDN

Answer 5

Blood glucose of >300 mg/dL or hA1c of >10%

Answer 6

at > 140 mg/dL

Answer 7

improved glycemic control, blood lipids, and blood pressure reduced risk for t2DM reduced risk for CVD

Answer 8

For people on secretagogues such as Suffonylurea... if exercise is >1 hour then there is a risk for hypoglycemia and also for 24 hours after long strenuous exercise So...eat a snack every 30-60 minutes If blood glucose is < 100 mg/dL then extra carbs before working out is needed How to fix? decrease insulin or eat more snacks and make sure to monitor glucose before, during, and after exercise.

Answer 9

Dawn phenomenon from hormones that deal with circadian rhythm.

Answer 10

Glucagon Cortisol Epinephrine (adrenaline) Growth hormone Norepinephrine

Answer 11

Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar (non-ketotic) Syndrome when blood glucose levels are >600 mg/dL and occurs over a period of time but no acidosis Due to counterregulatory hormones More deadly than DKA Polydipsia and Polyurea

Answer 12

inadequate fluid intake, altered nutrition-related laboratory values, or self-monitoring deficit Patients need to stay on track with carbohydrate intake (carbohydrates that are fast acting and tolerable) consistent with insulin

Answer 13

Dyslipidemia CVD HTN Damage to blood vessels

Answer 14

Nephropathy Retinopathy Neuropathy Gastroparesis

Answer 15

- inadequate carbohydrate intake - inconsistent insulin dosages - increased/prolonged physical activity Inadvertent or deliberate errors in insulin doses * Excessive insulin or oral secretagogue medications * Improper timing of insulin in relation to food intake * Intensive insulin therapy * Inadequate food intake * Omitted or inadequate meals or snacks * Unplanned or increased physical activities or exercise * Prolonged duration or increased intensity of exercise * Alcohol intake without food

Answer 16

- Neuroglycopenia (low glucose to brain) * Sweating * Palpitations * Anxiety * Blurred vision * Headache * Slurred speech * Weakness

Answer 17

obesity history of GDM family history Hispanic

Answer 18

Drink glucose solution, and get blood drawn every 30 minutes for 2 hours

Answer 19

- Nutrition counseling * MNT should be individualized with focus on energy and nutrient needs for pregnancy * Insulin therapy is preferred to ensure glycemic control * Oral meds are not recommended